Question 1

Jane describes herself as intelligent, kind, a mother, a wife, and an artist. These descriptions of Jane's identity are known as ____________.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Which term best describes the notion that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people?

Accepted Answer

The term that best describes seeing ourselves through the eyes of others is "looking glass self." This concept refers to the idea that our self-concept and self-esteem are shaped by the feedback we receive from others, as if we are seeing ourselves in a mirror or through their eyes. Self-concept refers more broadly to our overall understanding of who we are, while self-efficacy is related to our belief in our ability to achieve specific goals. Self-esteem refers to our overall evaluation of our own worth and value.

Question 3

Research conducted on the brain using brain imaging technology suggests which of the following to be true?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

Mike's belief that he has the ability to successfully complete a rigorous law program at a top university in Canada reflects the fact that Mike has ____________.

Accepted Answer

Mike's belief that he can successfully complete a rigorous law program reflects his high self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or tasks. It does not necessarily indicate self-importance or a positive self-concept, although those may be related factors. High self-awareness may also play a role in developing self-efficacy, but it is not directly related to Mike's belief about succeeding in law school.

Question 5

A cultural focus on the self as interdependent and defined by the connectedness of people to one another is called ___________.

Accepted Answer

Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group identity, cooperation, and interdependence. In collectivist cultures, the individual's sense of self is defined by their relationship to the group or community to which they belong.

Question 6

According to your textbook, our sense of self is affected by which of the following factors?

Accepted Answer

Our sense of self is affected by social, personal, and cultural factors. Social factors such as interactions with others and feedback we receive from them can shape our self-concept. Personal factors, such as motivation and goals, can also impact how we see ourselves. Cultural factors, such as societal norms and values, can shape our identity and beliefs about ourselves. Taken together, all three of these factors contribute to our overall sense of self.

Question 7

Individualism places an emphasis on ___________, while collectivism places an emphasis on ___________.

Accepted Answer

Individualism places an emphasis on independence, self-reliance and personal freedom, and collectivism places an emphasis on interdependence and cooperation, valuing the needs of the group over the needs of the individual. Thus, independence and interdependence are opposite values emphasized by individualism and collectivism respectively, making option D the correct answer.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about self-schemas is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Self-schemas may take on different levels of importance depending on the situation, so the statement that self-schemas usually have the same level of importance across situations is false. A, B, and C are all true statements about self-schemas.

Question 9

Your mental representation or overall sense of 'you' is known as your _____________.

Accepted Answer

The mental representation or overall sense of 'you' is known as your self-concept. Self-schema refers to the specific beliefs and ideas about oneself, while self-esteem refers to the evaluation of one's worth or value as a person. Social schema refers to the mental templates that guide our perception of social situations and people. Therefore, the best choice is self-concept.

Question 10

A cultural focus on the self as independent from others is known as ___________.

Accepted Answer

Individualism is a cultural focus on the self as independent from others, valuing autonomy, self-expression, and personal achievement. It is often contrasted with collectivism, which emphasizes group harmony, interdependence, and prioritizes the needs of the group over the individual. Communism and socialization are not directly related to the concept of the self in cultural contexts.

Question 11

Which theory argues that the development of our identities is connected to particular social groups?

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory argues that our sense of self is shaped by our identification with different social groups or categories, based on characteristics like race, gender, nationality, religion, and so on. This theory proposes that we derive our self-esteem from the status and accomplishments of our in-group, and may experience prejudice or discrimination against out-groups.

Question 12

What piece of evidence from Gordon Gallup's work on chimpanzees can be used to support the idea that the self's relationship to others is important for the development of the self-concept?

Accepted Answer

This choice suggests that chimpanzees who were raised in social environments, where they interacted with others, were more likely to recognize their reflection in the mirror, indicating that their self-concept developed in relation to their interactions with others. This supports the idea that the self's relationship to others is important for the development of the self-concept.

Question 13

Which of the following people is most likely to be from a culture emphasizing collectivism?

Accepted Answer

Jennifer's plan to devote her time to supporting the family business suggests a prioritization of the needs and goals of the group over her individual desires. This aligns with the values of collectivism, which emphasize the importance of group harmony and interdependence.

Question 14

In comparison to women's self-concepts, men tend to define themselves more in terms of their:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In comparison to women's self-concepts, men tend...

Question 15

Clive Wearing, a professional musician with detailed knowledge of composers and musical scores, contracted an infection of the brain which damaged his hippocampus. Following the development of the infection, what was Clive Wearing unable to do anymore?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Clive Wearing, a professional musician with detailed...

Question 16

In comparison to men's self-concepts, women tend to define themselves more in terms of their:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women tend to have a stronger focus on their relationships with others in defining their self-concepts. This is often attributed to traditional gender roles and socialization that emphasize women's relational abilities and caregiving roles.

Question 17

A group that we consider ourselves to be a part of is known as a(n) _________________.

Accepted Answer

An ingroup is a social group that a person identifies with and feels a sense of belonging towards. This can include cultural, social, or ethnic groups.

Question 18

Researchers who have studied the relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement have found support for which of the following conclusions?

Accepted Answer

Researchers have found consistent evidence that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to achieve personal goals compared to those with lower levels of self-efficacy. This relationship has been found across multiple domains, including academic performance, health behaviors, and work-related goals.

Question 19

Who coined the term looking-glass self?

Accepted Answer

The term 'looking-glass self' was first coined by American sociologist Charles H. Cooley in 1902 in his book "Human Nature and the Social Order".

Question 20

The expression "the nail that sticks out gets pounded down" is associated with which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

The expression "the nail that sticks out gets pounded down" is a common saying in collectivist cultures, where conformity and group harmony are highly valued. It suggests that individuals who deviate from social norms or expectations may face negative consequences or be ostracized by the group.

Quiz 4: The Self