Question 1

Saul Alinsky's efforts to bring about social change by,for example,threatening to flush all the toilets in an airport,exploited the fact that powerful community groups and government representatives have ______.

Accepted Answer

Saul Alinsky's tactics were based on psychological manipulation and appealing to the personal needs and desires of those in power, such as their desire to avoid embarrassment or inconvenience. This is exemplified by the airport toilet flushing threat.

Question 2

When Lewin declared,"Research that produces nothing but ______ will not suffice," he was criticizing psychology for being too focused on academics.

Accepted Answer

Lewin's statement criticizes psychology for being overly focused on academic outputs, such as books, rather than practical applications or solutions.

Question 3

Lobbying,or applying pressure to public officials in order to influence change,is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Lobbying involves advocating and applying pressure to public officials in order to influence change, which aligns with the definition of public advocacy. Social action, popular education, and citizen participation may also be important aspects of promoting change, but they do not specifically refer to the act of lobbying.

Question 4

In what order should the steps of the action research cycle occur?

Accepted Answer

The action research cycle should begin with planning, followed by data gathering, then implementation of the intervention, and finally reassessment. Planning is important to identify the problem, setting goals, and selecting an appropriate intervention. Data gathering is essential to understand the context and problem better, and to monitor progress towards the goals. Implementation of the intervention means putting the plan into action, and reassessment is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and make any necessary adjustments.

Question 5

Kurt Lewin believed that to create long-lasting social change,an action plan needs to

Accepted Answer

Kurt Lewin believed that involving the cooperation of the people from the setting of interest is essential to create long-lasting social change. This approach is called the participatory approach, which emphasizes the involvement of stakeholders, including those affected by the social problem, in the creation of the action plan. This helps to ensure that the plan is practical, relevant, and effective in achieving its intended goals. Thus, choice A is the best answer. Choices B, C, and D are not supported by Lewin's ideas. While a broadly defined social problem may be important for identifying the scope of the issue, it is not sufficient to create a long-lasting social change. Consistent government funding may be helpful, but it is not necessary for creating social change. Lastly, an action plan based on stakeholders' interests only may not be effective in achieving the broader goals of social change.

Question 6

One of the challenges in community-based participatory research is for the researcher to find community members who are

Accepted Answer

Community-based participatory research involves actively engaging and partnering with community members to address the research question. It is important for the researcher to seek out community members who are diverse in their perspectives, experiences, and backgrounds to ensure that the research is comprehensive and truly reflective of the community's needs and interests. While language fluency and some level of education may be important, finding community members who are different from the researcher is key for meaningful contribution to the research.

Question 7

Research by Russo and colleagues demonstrated that after women have abortions,they generally

Accepted Answer

Russo and colleagues found that the vast majority of women who have abortions experience no long-term negative effects on their mental health or well-being. There is no evidence to support the existence of postabortion trauma syndrome as a recognized psychological condition.

Question 8

Kurt Lewin was concerned with the effectiveness of interventions for solving social problems.To accomplish effective interventions,he said an action research plan should

Accepted Answer

Kurt Lewin emphasized the importance of a flexible and constant revision of the action research plan in order to adapt to ongoing changes and new information. This approach allows for the adjustment of the intervention to better achieve its goal, instead of being rigidly stuck to a predefined plan. Therefore, choice D is the most appropriate option.

Question 9

Media portrayals of mentally ill people are generally ______ in that mentally ill people are ______.

Accepted Answer

Media portrayals of mentally ill people are often inaccurate in that they typically depict mentally ill people as violent and dangerous, when in fact research has shown that people with mental illness are actually more likely to be the victims of violence than the perpetrators.

Question 10

A technique that has been used successfully in some community-based participatory research is called photovoice.What is photovoice?

Accepted Answer

Photovoice is a community-based research technique where participants take photographs to document their experiences and perspectives, and then use the images to generate discussions and promote change. The photos are often used to stimulate discussion at community meetings, and can also be used in reports and publications.

Question 11

Russo and colleagues examined women's self-esteem and adjustment in their study on youths' experiences in the labor market.Among other findings,the authors found that

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is based on the findings of Russo and colleagues, which indicated that women who had abortions reported higher overall levels of well-being on follow-up than those who did not have abortions. This suggests that the experience of having an abortion did not negatively impact women's self-esteem and adjustment in the context of their study.

Question 12

As suggested by Maguire (1987),participatory research combines which three activities?

Accepted Answer

According to Maguire (1987), participatory research combines investigation, education, and action. These three activities involve gathering data and knowledge, promoting awareness and understanding among community members, and taking action based on collective insights and needs.

Question 13

Social change researchers have to be particularly careful about the ethical implications of their research.In the child restraint study conducted by Jason and Rose (1984),what ethical risk did the researchers take?

Accepted Answer

The ethical risk taken by the researchers was that they only sent the letter requesting the state senators to support the child restraint bill to half of the senators, which could have potentially affected the outcome of the study and influenced the decision-making process of the senators. By only sending the letter to a selected group of participants, the researchers were not ensuring equal opportunity for all senators to consider the proposal, which could be seen as an unethical practice.

Question 14

A researcher wanted to know if white shoppers might be inclined to stay away from visible-minority salespeople.The researcher set up a hidden camera in a store in which both white and black salespeople were employed and counted the number of white shoppers who initiated conversations with the white and black salespeople.This type of study is best described as ______.

Accepted Answer

This study is best described as unobtrusive research, as the researcher is not directly interfering with the environment or participants (as would be the case in an experiment), but rather observing behavior in a natural setting using a hidden camera.

Question 15

Paulo Freire is credited with beginning which of the following social change research traditions?

Accepted Answer

Paulo Freire is best known for his work in participatory research, which emphasizes collaboration and empowerment of participants in the research process.

Question 16

Action research was developed by ______.

Accepted Answer

Action research was developed by Kurt Lewin in the 1940s. It is a process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting, used to solve problems or improve a specific aspect of a system, organization, or community.

Question 17

Photovoice refers to

Accepted Answer

Photovoice refers to having community members take photographs to document their experiences. It is a participatory research method that allows individuals to capture their experiences and share them with others, often with the goal of advocating for social change.

Question 18

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Activist research is research undertaken with the goal of promoting social or political change. While participatory research involves collaboration between researchers and participants or community members, activist research does not necessarily require the participation of those affected by the issue being studied. Therefore, A is the best choice. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between the different types of research.

Question 19

A participatory researcher who is interested in investigating the lives of immigrant women would likely gather information about the issues facing these women by

Accepted Answer

As a participatory researcher, it is important to involve the community being studied in the research process. Brainstorming with immigrant women would allow for their voices and experiences to be heard and would increase the validity and relevance of the research. Performing a literature review would also be important for establishing a background and understanding of the topic, but gathering information solely from prominent researchers or following intuition would not be as thorough and inclusive as involving the community itself.

Question 20

Social exchange theory is based on the idea that

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory posits that people engage in social interactions with the goal of maximizing rewards and minimizing costs. In other words, individuals weigh the benefits and drawbacks of a given action or relationship before deciding whether to pursue it or not. This approach assumes that human behavior is rational and self-interested, and emphasizes the importance of reciprocity in relationships. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Quiz 12: Applying Social Psychology to the Community