Collaborative arrangements between firms that are aimed at exchanging or sharing some value-creating business activities are generally referred to as:

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Strategic alliances involve firms collaborating to share or exchange specific value-creating business activities, such as technology, expertise, or distribution channels. Countertrade is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged instead of currency, and is not a collaboration between firms. Operational networks refer to the interconnectedness of different parts of a firm's operations or supply chain, and are not a collaboration between separate firms. Mergers and acquisitions refer to one firm buying another firm outright. Franchising arrangements involve one firm licensing its business model to another firm in exchange for fees or royalties, but do not necessarily involve collaboration or value-creating activities between the firms.

Collaborative Arrangements Between Firms That Are Aimed at Exchanging or Sharing