Question 1

When a therapist pursues a line of questioning until a client's beliefs are apparent and open to analysis, it is called

Accepted Answer

Socratic questioning involves the therapist using a series of open-ended questions to help the client explore their thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions. The therapist pursues a line of questioning until the client's beliefs are apparent and open to analysis. This technique can help clients gain insight into their beliefs and how they contribute to their problems. Collaborative empiricism involves the therapist and client working together to develop and test hypotheses about the client's experience. Psychoeducation involves providing information to the client about their problems, symptoms, and possible treatments. A therapeutic alliance refers to the relationship between the therapist and client, characterized by empathy, trust, and collaboration.

Question 2

If a client with social phobia is encouraged to discuss the most humiliating experience that could occur to her in public, this would be called

Accepted Answer

Discussing the most humiliating experience that could occur in public and focusing on the worst possible outcomes is known as catastrophizing. This involves exaggerating the negative aspects of a situation, which is a cognitive distortion often addressed in cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 3

Albert Ellis developed an influential pioneering cognitive therapy called

Accepted Answer

Albert Ellis developed rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), which is a form of cognitive therapy that focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs and thoughts that lead to emotional distress. REBT has been found to be effective in treating a range of mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.

Question 4

A key assumption underlying behavior therapy is that

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapy assumes that psychological problems, just like any other behavior, are shaped and maintained by environmental factors such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling. Therefore, behavior therapy focuses on modifying specific behaviors through techniques such as operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, and modeling. It does not assume that psychological problems necessarily develop in a unique manner or that they are related to deep, underlying psychic conflicts. Nor does it assume that behavioral problems are necessarily easier to address than other psychological problems.

Question 5

Organized knowledge structures that influence how we process information are called

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret incoming information. They are formed based on previous experiences and can influence how we perceive and remember new information. Cognitions refer more broadly to mental processes, while constellations of belief and attributions refer to specific types of beliefs or explanations for behavior.

Question 6

The antianxiety treatment known as systematic desensitization utilizes the principle of

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy that aims to reduce anxiety through the use of progressive relaxation techniques and exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli. The therapy is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition, which states that it is not possible to experience two conflicting emotions at the same time. In the case of anxiety, it is replaced with relaxation.

Question 7

When two situations are similar enough that they generate the same response,

Accepted Answer

When two situations are similar enough that they generate the same response, it is a case of stimulus generalization. This means that the individual has not discriminated between the two situations and has responded in the same way to both. Therefore, choice C, both a and b, is the correct answer.

Question 8

Which of the following techniques are likely to be included in rational-emotive behavior therapy?

Accepted Answer

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a comprehensive approach that may incorporate various techniques such as role-playing, sensory-awareness exercises, and desensitization to help clients identify and challenge irrational beliefs, thereby improving emotional and behavioral outcomes.

Question 9

Which of the following behaviors would an REBT therapist be least likely to engage in?

Accepted Answer

REBT therapists do not typically use the concept of unconditional positive regard, which is associated with person-centered therapy. Rather, they tend to focus on challenging irrational beliefs and helping clients create more functional and rational thought patterns. The other three behaviors listed (abrasive confrontation of distortions, strong communication, and the use of role-playing, sensory-awareness activities, and homework) are all commonly used by REBT therapists.

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT be considered an exposure treatment?

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (extinction, flooding, and response prevention) are different types of exposure treatments, so none would be considered a non-exposure treatment.

Question 11

According to Aaron Beck, depressed individuals show a characteristic pattern of negative perceptions about themselves, their world, and their future.He called this

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck called the characteristic pattern of negative perceptions about oneself, their world, and their future in depressed individuals as the cognitive triad. A maladaptive schema and an underdeveloped ego may also contribute to depression, but they are not specifically referred to by Beck's cognitive theory.

Question 12

Behavioral therapists note that some psychological disorders result from clients lacking the ability to form and maintain relationships.Thus, they often include _________________as part of treatment.

Accepted Answer

Social skills training helps clients to learn and develop skills that are necessary for forming and maintaining relationships. This can include communication skills, assertiveness, and problem-solving skills. By acquiring these skills, clients can improve their ability to form and maintain relationships, which can help to reduce and prevent psychological disorders that are related to social isolation and poor social functioning.

Question 13

Which of the following would NOT support the cognitive specificity hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Option D supports the cognitive specificity hypothesis. The hypothesis suggests that abnormal behaviors are triggered by specific cognitions related to the disorder, rather than general cognitive styles. Option A, B and C are examples that support the cognitive specificity hypothesis.

Question 14

The primary goal of behavior therapists is

Accepted Answer

The primary goal of behavior therapists is to help the client modify maladaptive overt behaviors. While functional analysis and DSM-5 diagnoses may be important parts of the process, they are not the primary goal of behavior therapy. Modifying maladaptive cognitions is also not the primary goal, as behavior therapy focuses on changing observable behaviors rather than internal cognitions.

Question 15

What a psychodynamic therapist might call __________________, a cognitive therapist would call ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on exploring and interpreting unconscious material, while cognitive therapy emphasizes identifying and changing automatic thoughts. Therefore, what a psychodynamic therapist might call unconscious material, a cognitive therapist would call automatic thoughts.

Question 16

When therapists set up practice scenarios in which clients are assured of experiencing success they are using

Accepted Answer

Behavioral activation is a therapeutic approach that involves helping clients engage in activities they find rewarding or enjoyable, with the aim of improving their mood and reducing depressive symptoms. Setting up practice scenarios where clients are assured of experiencing success can be part of this approach, as it encourages positive engagement and reinforces the connection between activity and improved mood.

Question 17

Both observational learning and vicarious conditioning support the understanding that

Accepted Answer

Observational learning and vicarious conditioning both involve learning by observing others without receiving direct reinforcement or punishment. This suggests that behaviors can be learned through observation alone, without the need for direct reinforcement or punishment. It does not necessarily support the idea that behaviors are developed through classical or operant conditioning, nor does it suggest that reinforcement is more powerful than punishment in changing behavior. It also does not necessarily imply that structured learning is more persistent.

Question 18

Which of the following would probably NOT be amenable to exposure treatments?

Accepted Answer

While exposure treatments can be effective for anxiety-related disorders, depression is not primarily driven by fear or avoidance behaviors that can be targeted through exposure. Therefore, it is less likely to be amenable to exposure treatments.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a component of functional analysis?

Accepted Answer

Observations are not a component of functional analysis. The three components of functional analysis are the stimulus (what is happening in the environment), the organism (the person or group of people being observed), and the consequences (what happens after the behavior is exhibited). However, observations are an essential part of conducting a functional analysis as they allow for the collection of data that can inform the analysis.

Question 20

Cognitions may include all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Free-floating anxiety is not considered a cognition, but rather a symptom or emotional experience. The other options all represent cognitive processes or structures.

Quiz 8: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapies