Question 1

Since the 1960s, the mean total serum cholesterol level of U.S. adults has

Accepted Answer

The mean total serum cholesterol level of U.S. adults has decreased since the 1960s due to changes in diet and lifestyle, increased awareness and treatment of high cholesterol, and advancements in medication.

Question 2

Since the 1950s, the age-adjusted death rate for diseases of the heart in the United States has

Accepted Answer

The age-adjusted death rate for diseases of the heart in the United States has decreased since the 1950s. This can be attributed to several factors, including improved medical treatments, better public health campaigns promoting healthy lifestyles, and increased awareness of risk factors such as smoking and high cholesterol.

Question 3

Poor glycemic control in people with diabetes is associated with hemoglobin A1C levels that are

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin A1C levels reflect average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months. Poor glycemic control in people with diabetes results in higher blood glucose levels and therefore higher hemoglobin A1C levels, which are greater than they are in people who do not have diabetes.

Question 4

Which of the following approaches is considered the best for assessing changes in bone mineral density in response to therapeutic interventions for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the gold standard for assessing changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in response to therapeutic interventions for osteoporosis. It is more accurate and precise than other methods such as dual-photon absorptiometry, quantitative ultrasonography, and radiogrammetry. DXA is also widely available and typically covered by insurance for diagnostic and monitoring purposes in patients with osteoporosis.

Question 5

Given the conversion factor of 0.02586, which one of the following correctly represents a serum cholesterol level of 225 mg/dL?

Accepted Answer

To convert mg/dL to mmol/l, we need to multiply the mg/dL value by the conversion factor of 0.02586. 
So, 225 mg/dL x 0.02586 = 5.82 mmol/l. Therefore, the answer is B.

Question 6

The difference between the measured value as reported by a clinical laboratory and the "True" or "real" value is known as

Accepted Answer

The term accuracy refers to how close the measured value is to the true or real value. Therefore, the difference between the measured value and the true value is known as accuracy. Coefficient of variation (B) is a measure of the variability or spread of the data, precision (C) refers to the consistency or reproducibility of the measurement, and reproducibility (D) refers to the ability to obtain consistent results across multiple experiments or trials.

Question 7

When a person lies down after standing for several minutes, serum cholesterol concentration

Accepted Answer

When a person lies down after standing for several minutes, blood that was previously pooling in the legs and lower body is redistributed to other parts of the body. This can lead to a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration because cholesterol released from the liver and other tissues now has a greater ability to circulate and be metabolized by the body.

Question 8

Which of the following cannot be accurately determined in the nonfasting state?

Accepted Answer

Triglyceride levels can vary greatly in the nonfasting state due to recent food intake, so a fasting sample is needed for accurate measurement. HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and total cholesterol can all be accurately determined in both fasting and nonfasting states.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a clinical determinant of the metabolic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Elevated serum HDL-C level is actually a negative clinical determinant of metabolic syndrome, as higher levels of HDL-C are associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease. The other options, high-risk waist circumference, elevated serum triglyceride level, and elevated plasma glucose level, are all positive clinical determinants of metabolic syndrome.

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes is rarely diagnosed in individuals younger than 30 years of age.

Accepted Answer

While type 2 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in individuals who are middle-aged or older, it is possible for younger individuals to develop the condition, particularly those who are overweight or obese.

Question 11

In the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk factor intervention efforts are implemented

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease...

Question 12

Which of the following factors is not associated with increased prevalence of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A low waist circumference is actually associated with a decreased prevalence of hypertension, whereas increasing age, being of African descent, and physical inactivity are all associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension.

Question 13

Which one of the following values correctly represents pre-hypertension for an adult?

Accepted Answer

Pre-hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure (top number) between 120-139 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (bottom number) between 80-89 mmHg. This is option B.

Question 14

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Therapeutic Lifestyle Change diet, dietary cholesterol intake should be limited to

Accepted Answer

The Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) diet recommends limiting dietary cholesterol intake to less than 200 mg per day to help manage cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Question 15

Which one of the following combinations cannot occur?

Accepted Answer

Low precision, low bias cannot occur because having low precision implies that the results are inconsistent, while having low bias implies that the results are consistently off-target. Therefore, it is impossible to have both low precision and low bias at the same time.

Question 16

Which of the following T-scores would give a 50 year old female the greatest remaining lifetime risk of hip fracture?

Accepted Answer

A T-score of -2 indicates lower bone density, which increases the risk of fractures, including hip fractures, compared to higher T-scores.

Question 17

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, high HDL-C is considered a ___ risk factor because it ___coronary heart disease risk.

Accepted Answer

High HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) is considered a negative risk factor because it decreases the risk of coronary heart disease. HDL-C is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.

Question 18

The primary purpose of the Friedewald equation is to calculate

Accepted Answer

The Friedewald equation is primarily used to calculate LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels in the blood.

Question 19

In the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk factor intervention efforts are implemented

Accepted Answer

Primordial prevention targets the prevention of risk factor development in the first place, meaning interventions are implemented before the risk factor even develops.

Question 20

In persons with diabetes, the testing of urine is recommended for

Accepted Answer

The answer of In persons with diabetes, the testing of...

Quiz 8: Nutritional Assessment in Disease Prevention