Question 1

The capacity of our brains to change in response to experience is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt based on experiences, including learning new skills or recovering from injuries. Resiliency refers to the ability to recover from challenges or stressors, but it doesn't necessarily involve brain changes. Saltatory conduction refers to the way impulses travel down myelinated neurons. Neurogenesis refers to the creation of new neurons, which is one aspect of neuroplasticity but not the overall concept.

Question 2

Ultimately,depression,schizophrenia,and drug addiction may be explained by the

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptides play a role in regulating mood, behavior, and addiction, and imbalances in neuropeptide levels have been associated with depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Therefore, the regulatory actions of neuropeptides may ultimately explain these conditions. The other options are not directly related to the mechanisms underlying these disorders.

Question 3

The peripheral system carries messages to and from the __________ nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that extend from the central nervous system to reach the rest of the body. Therefore, messages are carried to and from the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system. Occipital, parietal, and temporal are all regions of the brain and not components of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 4

A neuron reaches its trigger point when

Accepted Answer

A neuron reaches its trigger point when the "exciting" messages arrive close in time and are not canceled by "inhibiting" messages. The number of messages or their ratios do not necessarily determine the trigger point, but rather the timing and balance of these messages.

Question 5

Messages flow from the brain to the spinal cord and then to other parts of the body through the __________ nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body, including muscles and organs. Therefore, messages flow from the brain to the spinal cord and then to other parts of the body through the peripheral nervous system.

Question 6

Feelings of pleasure or euphora similar to being "high" on morphine occur when which of the following are released in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are natural painkillers produced by the body that bind to the same receptors in the brain as opioid drugs like morphine. When released in the brain, they can produce feelings of pleasure and euphoria similar to those experienced when high on morphine. Acetylcholines, synaptic vesicles and neurilemmas do not produce this effect.

Question 7

The two main divisions of the human nervous system are the peripheral nervous system and the __________ nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two main divisions of the human...

Question 8

The "runner's high" and the euphoria sometimes associated with childbirth,painful initiation rites,and sports parachuting are due to the release of

Accepted Answer

The release of endorphins is associated with the "runner's high," as well as the euphoria experienced during childbirth, painful initiation rites, and extreme sports like parachuting. Endorphins are natural painkillers and can produce feelings of pleasure and wellbeing. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle control and cognitive function, while neurilemma is a part of the peripheral nervous system that aids in nerve cell insulation. Epinephrine is a hormone that is released during the “fight or flight” response and can increase heart rate and blood pressure. However, it is not specifically linked to the phenomena described in the question.

Question 9

In a car accident,a person sustained major trauma to his brain and the spinal cord region of his neck.Damage,in this case,was mainly to areas of the __________ nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The brain and spinal cord are components of the central nervous system.

Question 10

In response to experience,new synapses form between neurons,and other connections grow stronger.These changes in the brain due to experience illustrate the brain's

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life in response to environmental cues or experiences. This process is essential for learning and adapting to new situations or challenges, and it underlies many forms of behavioral and neural plasticity that enable us to change over time. By contrast, resiliency refers to the ability of individuals or systems to bounce back from adversity or stress, and it may involve various mechanisms or pathways that help protect against damage or promote recovery. Saltatory conduction refers to the rapid transmission of electrical impulses along myelinated axons, which occurs more efficiently than continuous conduction and allows for faster neural communication. Finally, neurogenesis refers to the growth or development of new neurons, which can occur in certain regions of the brain (such as the hippocampus) and may play a role in learning, memory, and mood regulation. However, it is worth noting that there is some debate about the extent and significance of neurogenesis in humans, as well as the conditions that promote or impair this process.

Question 11

In an experiment to test the effects of a new pain killing drug,the control group was given a placebo,which initially reduced their pain because the placebo

Accepted Answer

Placebos have been shown to increase endorphin levels in the brain, which can lead to a reduction in pain. This is known as the "placebo effect." Option B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the mechanism by which placebos work.

Question 12

The central nervous system is composed of the

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system includes both the brain and the spinal cord. The other options refer to specific parts or divisions of the nervous system, but not the entire central nervous system.

Question 13

The power of the brain arises from the cooperation of large numbers of neurons connected together into

Accepted Answer

The power of the brain comes from the collective activity of large numbers of neurons. These neurons are connected together into complex networks called neural networks, which enable the brain to process information, make decisions, and control behavior. Synaptic vesicles are small sacs that store neurotransmitters, while neurilemmas are specialized cells that form the outermost layer of some nerve fibers. Neural nodes are not a recognized term in neuroscience.

Question 14

Rats that are raised in a complex environment have more synapses and longer dendrites in their brains than rats raised in a simpler environment.These differences in the rats' brains due to environmental experiences illustrate the brain's

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt based on experiences and environmental factors. In this case, the rats raised in a complex environment exhibited changes in the structure of their brain, specifically with more synapses and longer dendrites. This illustrates the brain's ability to adapt and change in response to environmental experiences, which is a key aspect of neuroplasticity.

Question 15

Needles inserted into the body during the acupuncture procedure may relieve pain because the pain

Accepted Answer

Needles inserted into the body during the acupuncture procedure may relieve pain because the pain results in the release of neuropeptides, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. These neuropeptides can block the transmission of pain signals to the brain, leading to pain relief.

Question 16

By "listening" to the neurons that synapse with it,a single neuron within a(n)__________ combines that input into an output.

Accepted Answer

A neural network is a group of interconnected neurons that work together to process information. A single neuron within a neural network receives input from other neurons that synapse with it and then combines that input into an output. Ion channels are not capable of processing input from other neurons, synapse channels do not exist as a distinct type of structure, and reflex networks typically refer to a specific subset of neurons that control reflexive behaviors, rather than a broader system for processing information.

Question 17

In one study,patients with language difficulties due to damage to the left sides of their brains were given language comprehension training.The training helped improve the patients' language comprehension with brain images revealing

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one study,patients with language difficulties due...

Question 18

The peripheral nervous system is composed of the

Accepted Answer

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main systems: the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic system controls voluntary muscle movements and sensory information from the senses, while the autonomic system controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, digestion, and breathing. The brain and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system, while the sympathetic system is a part of the autonomic nervous system. The spinal cord and 12 thoracic nerves are specific structures within the peripheral nervous system, but do not encompass the entire system.

Question 19

In one study,people suffering from spider phobias were treated with cognitive behavior therapy.After therapy,these individuals were able to touch spiders,while brain images of the areas involved in the phobia revealed

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavior therapy is aimed at changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to psychological disorders. Therefore, after therapy, it is expected that the brain areas involved in the phobia would show reduced activity as the individual learns to manage the fear response. Additionally, some research suggests that exposure therapy, a type of cognitive behavior therapy commonly used to treat phobias, may increase the release of endorphins in the brain, but this is not directly related to the brain areas involved in the phobia.

Question 20

Every time you learn something,you are reshaping your living brain,a process known as

Accepted Answer

Brain osmosis is not a recognized term in neuroscience. Synaptic malleability does refer to the ability of synapses to change, but it does not encompass the entire process of reshaping the brain through learning. Self-directed neural induction is not a recognized term in neuroscience. Self-directed neuroplasticity is the correct term and refers to the ability of individuals to intentionally reshape their brain through learning and other experiences.

Quiz 2: A: Brain and Behavior