Question 1

If an expectant mother is exposed to German measles,the child could be born with a
A) genetic defect.
B) congenital problem.
C) cephalocaudal pattern problem.
D) proximodistal pattern problem.

Accepted Answer

If an expectant mother is exposed to German measles (rubella) during the first trimester of pregnancy, it can cause congenital problems in the developing fetus, such as hearing loss, heart defects, cataracts, and intellectual disabilities.

Question 2

Which of the following is considered a congenital problem?
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) hemophilia
D) muscular dystrophy

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a congenital problem as it occurs when a fetus is exposed to alcohol during pregnancy, affecting the development of the brain and other organs. Sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are genetic conditions but are not considered congenital problems as they may not be present at birth and may manifest later in life.

Question 3

A physician who describes an infant as slow to respond and develop because of congenital problems is attributing the cause of the abnormality to the
A) postnatal environment.
B) infant's heredity.
C) mother's heredity.
D) intrauterine environment.

Accepted Answer

Congenital problems are abnormalities that are present at birth and are largely a result of the intrauterine environment. They may be caused by genetic factors, maternal health, or environmental factors that the fetus was exposed to while in the womb. Therefore, the physician is attributing the cause of the abnormality to the intrauterine environment.

Question 4

If an unborn child is exposed to X-rays,PCBs,or drugs taken by the mother,the child could be born with a
A) genetic defect.
B) congenital problem.
C) cephalocaudal pattern problem.
D) proximodistal pattern problem.

Accepted Answer

Exposure to X-rays, PCBs, or drugs during pregnancy can lead to congenital problems in the unborn child, which are present at birth. These problems can range from physical abnormalities to cognitive and behavioral issues. Genetic defects, on the other hand, are inherited and present in the individual's DNA from conception, while cephalocaudal and proximodistal pattern problems refer to developmental issues that occur after birth.

Question 5

Considering what is known about the effects of alcohol on the fetus,pregnant women should be advised to drink
A) alcoholic beverages according to their own preference.
B) hard liquor only, never beer or wine.
C) wine and beer only, never hard liquor.
D) no alcoholic beverages at all.

Accepted Answer

Pregnant women should not drink any alcoholic beverages at all because alcohol can cross the placenta and harm the developing fetus, leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) that can cause physical, behavioral, and intellectual impairments. There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women avoid drinking completely to prevent harm to the fetus.

Question 6

Babies of mothers who smoked heavily during pregnancy show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
A) being overweight.
B) having lower scores on tests of language and mental ability.
C) being more likely to be miscarried or to die soon after birth.
D) receiving significantly less oxygen during prenatal development.

Accepted Answer

Babies of mothers who smoked heavily during pregnancy are more likely to be miscarried or to die soon after birth, have lower scores on tests of language and mental ability, and receive significantly less oxygen during prenatal development. Being overweight is not typically associated with heavy smoking during pregnancy.

Question 7

Loud noises can increase the fetus' heart rate and movement,which illustrates that outside conditions can affect the unborn in the the __________ environment.
A) teratogen
B) genetic
C) intrauterine
D) endogenomic

Accepted Answer

The term "intrauterine" refers to the environment inside the uterus where the fetus develops. Therefore, loud noises affecting the fetus' heart rate and movement indicate that they are occurring within the intrauterine environment. Teratogens are substances or agents that can cause fetal malformations or birth defects, but loud noises are not typically categorized as teratogenic. Genetics refers to the study of genes and heredity, which are not directly related to external conditions affecting the fetus. Endogenomics is not a recognized term in the field of prenatal development.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?
A) increased risk of developing hemophilia.
B) small head and facial malformations
C) low birth weight
D) emotional, behavior, and mental handicaps

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and can result in physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. However, increased risk of developing hemophilia is not a characteristic of this syndrome. The other options - small head and facial malformations, low birth weight, and emotional, behavior, and mental handicaps - are all commonly associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 9

If a mother smokes heavily during pregnancy,it is more likely that the infant will be born
A) with a cleft palate.
B) premature and underweight.
C) addicted to nicotine.
D) with facial abnormalities.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth and low birth weight.

Question 10

Defects that are caused by inherited characteristics are known as
A) congenital problems.
B) genetic disorders.
C) teratogen defects.
D) endogenomic problems.

Accepted Answer

Genetic disorders are defects that are caused by inherited characteristics. Congenital problems refer to defects that are present at birth, but are not necessarily caused by genetic factors. Teratogen defects are caused by exposure to environmental agents during pregnancy. Endogenomic problems is not a recognized medical term.

Question 11

Substances capable of causing birth defects are known as
A) carcinogens.
B) teratogens.
C) chorions.
D) antigens.

Accepted Answer

Substances capable of causing birth defects are known as teratogens. Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer, chorions are a membrane that develops around the embryo, and antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response.

Question 12

Regarding teratogens and birth defects,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Radiation, lead, and pesticides are considered teratogens.
B) Cystic fibrosis, PKU, and hemophilia are considered teratogens.
C) Pregnant women do have direct control over many teratogens.
D) Repeated heavy drinking during pregnancy is the most common cause of birth defects in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis, PKU, and hemophilia are not teratogens. They are genetic disorders that can be passed down from parent to child. Teratogens are environmental factors that can cause birth defects or developmental abnormalities in a growing fetus.

Question 13

Smoking during pregnancy causes all of the following EXCEPT
A) a reduction in oxygen to the fetus.
B) an increased risk of miscarriage and prematurity.
C) the occurrence of facial abnormalities.
D) lowering the children's language and mental ability scores.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy causes a reduction in oxygen to the fetus, an increased risk of miscarriage and prematurity, and lowering the children's language and mental ability scores. However, it does not cause facial abnormalities.

Question 14

Which of the following teratogens tends to greatly reduce oxygen to the fetus,increase the risk of miscarriage,prematurity,and low birth weight with surviving children showing lower scores on language and mental abilities tests?
A) German measles
B) maternal stress
C) exposure to X-rays
D) smoking by the mother

Accepted Answer

Smoking by the mother can greatly reduce oxygen to the fetus, increasing the risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight. Surviving children of smoking mothers have been shown to have lower scores on language and mental abilities tests. German measles (rubella) can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy, but does not affect oxygen levels. Maternal stress and exposure to X-rays can also have negative effects on fetal development, but do not have the same specific impact on oxygen levels and birth weight as smoking.

Question 15

Regarding teratogens,which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) It is impossible for alcohol and drugs to be transmitted from mother to fetus since no direct intermixing of blood takes place between a mother and her unborn child.
B) Although no direct intermixing of blood occurs, some substances, like drugs, do reach the fetus.
C) A fetus may be exposed to drugs, but it cannot become addicted.
D) Pregnant women rarely have any direct control over teratogens.

Accepted Answer

Although there is no direct intermixing of blood, certain substances like drugs can still pass through the placenta and reach the developing fetus. This is why pregnant women are warned against using drugs or alcohol during pregnancy, as they can be harmful to the developing baby. Option A is incorrect as this statement is false. Option C is also incorrect as fetuses can become addicted to drugs that are passed through the placenta. Option D is partially incorrect, as while pregnant women may not have full control over exposure to teratogens in certain situations, they can still take steps to avoid exposure and protect their unborn babies.

Question 16

Regarding teratogens,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) No direct intermixing of blood takes place between a mother and her unborn child.
B) If a mother is addicted to morphine, heroin, or methadone, her baby may be born with an addiction.
C) Children with fetal alcohol syndrome are born with fluid on the brain and an abnormally large head.
D) Children of smoking mothers score lower on tests of language and mental ability.

Accepted Answer

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome typically present with distinct facial features, growth problems, and central nervous system issues, not necessarily with fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus) or an abnormally large head (macrocephaly). These are not characteristic features of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 17

Sickle-cell anemia,hemophilia,muscular dystrophy,and cystic fibrosis are considered
A) genetic disorders.
B) congenital problems.
C) teratogens.
D) endomorphic conditions.

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis are all genetic disorders caused by inherited mutations in specific genes.

Question 18

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by
A) low birth weight, a small head, bodily defects.
B) an increased risk of developing albinism.
C) genetic defects.
D) the newborn having fluid on the brain and slight paralysis of the muscles of the extremities.

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by low birth weight, a small head, and bodily defects, such as heart defects and abnormal facial features.

Question 19

Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb due to environmental conditions are known as
A) congenital problems.
B) genetic disorders.
C) senescence disorders.
D) endogenomic problems.

Accepted Answer

Congenital problems refer to defects that arise during prenatal development in the womb due to environmental conditions such as maternal infections, exposure to toxins, and poor nutrition. Genetic disorders are caused by abnormalities in the individual's DNA, while senescence disorders are associated with aging. Endogenomic problems are not a recognized category of disorders.

Question 20

A teratogen is
A) another name for a genetic defect.
B) the cause of cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia.
C) any substance capable of causing birth defects.
D) characterized by all of these.

Accepted Answer

A teratogen is any substance or agent that can cause birth defects or malformations in a developing fetus. It can include environmental factors like chemicals, drugs, and radiation. It is not the same as a genetic defect, although some genetic conditions can also have teratogenic effects. Cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia are genetic disorders caused by mutations in specific genes, not teratogens.

Quiz 3: A: Human Development

If an expectant mother is exposed to German measles,the child could be born with a

Which of the following is considered a congenital problem?

A physician who describes an infant as slow to respond and develop because of congenital problems is attributing the cause of the abnormality to the

If an unborn child is exposed to X-rays,PCBs,or drugs taken by the mother,the child could be born with a

Considering what is known about the effects of alcohol on the fetus,pregnant women should be advised to drink

Babies of mothers who smoked heavily during pregnancy show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

Loud noises can increase the fetus' heart rate and movement,which illustrates that outside conditions can affect the unborn in the the __________ environment.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

If a mother smokes heavily during pregnancy,it is more likely that the infant will be born

Defects that are caused by inherited characteristics are known as

Substances capable of causing birth defects are known as

Regarding teratogens and birth defects,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Smoking during pregnancy causes all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following teratogens tends to greatly reduce oxygen to the fetus,increase the risk of miscarriage,prematurity,and low birth weight with surviving children showing lower scores on language and mental abilities tests?

Regarding teratogens,which of the following statements is TRUE?

Regarding teratogens,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Sickle-cell anemia,hemophilia,muscular dystrophy,and cystic fibrosis are considered

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by

Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb due to environmental conditions are known as

A teratogen is