Question 1

Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory has NOT been challenged by new research?

Accepted Answer

Freud's identification of feeding, toilet training, and early sexual experiences as critical events in personality formation has been supported by some research, as these early experiences can indeed influence personality development.

Question 2

Which of the following disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious and the importance of sexuality and biological instincts and believed that people are social creatures governed by social urges,such as striving for superiority?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious and biological instincts. Instead, Adler believed that people are motivated by social urges, such as striving for superiority and achieving personal goals. He emphasized the importance of social factors, including cultural norms and family dynamics, in shaping an individual's personality.

Question 3

Those followers of Freud who stayed close to the core of Freud's thinking are called

Accepted Answer

The followers of Freud who stayed close to the core of Freud's thinking, and his psychoanalytic theory, are called neo-Freudians. They built on Freud's ideas but also modified and expanded upon his theories in various ways.

Question 4

Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centered on

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory has been criticized for placing a disproportionate emphasis on the role of sexuality in personality development. While Freud recognized the importance of other factors, such as social interactions and cultural influences, many argue that he gave too much weight to sexual experiences and desires in shaping human behavior.

Question 5

According to Adler,when a person tries to make up for certain limitations or weaknesses and overcome feelings of inadequacy,he or she is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Compensation refers to a person's efforts to overcome or make up for limitations or weaknesses they perceive in themselves. This is a key concept in Adlerian psychology, which emphasizes the importance of striving for personal growth and overcoming feelings of inadequacy. Instinctuality refers to innate or biological impulses, fixation refers to becoming stuck in a particular stage of psychosexual development, and archetypal development refers to the role of universal symbols and themes in human experience.

Question 6

Many of Freud's followers disagreed with his theory because he placed too much emphasis on

Accepted Answer

Many of Freud's followers disagreed with his theory because he placed too much emphasis on instinctual drives and sexuality, which they felt overshadowed other important factors in human behavior and development.

Question 7

What do the following personality theorists have in common: Karen Horney,Anna Freud,Otto Rank,and Erich Fromm?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Otto Rank, and Erich Fromm were all considered neo-Freudians because they all built upon or modified Sigmund Freud's original psychoanalytic theories.

Question 8

According to Freud,which of the following begins with an upswing in sexual energies,which activates all the unresolved conflicts of earlier years and results in the adolescent being filled with emotion and turmoil?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development posits that the genital stage, which occurs during puberty, involves a resurgence of sexual energies. This upswing activates unresolved conflicts from earlier stages, leading to the emotional and psychological turmoil often observed in adolescents.

Question 9

According to Freud,which of the following begins at puberty and ends with the person having a mature capacity for love and the realization of full adult sexuality?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, the genital stage begins at puberty and lasts throughout adulthood. This stage is characterized by the awakening of sexual impulses and the development of mature sexual relationships. It is during this stage that individuals strive for intimacy and the realization of their full adult sexuality. In contrast, the phallic stage occurs earlier in development and is focused on exploring the genitals and developing a sense of gender identity. Organismic valuing and self-actualization are concepts from humanistic psychology and are not part of Freud's psychosexual theory.

Question 10

A modern offshoot of Freudian thinking are the psychosocial stages that cover development from birth to old age and were postulated by

Accepted Answer

The psychosocial stages are a theory proposed by Erik Erikson, not Carl Jung, Karen Horney, or Alfred Adler.

Question 11

Regarding Freud's theories,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories, such as the id, ego, and superego, and the stages of psychosexual development, have been difficult to verify scientifically. Many of these theories remain controversial and have not been widely accepted by the scientific community. However, some of Freud's concepts, such as defense mechanisms and the unconscious, have been more widely accepted and continue to be used in modern psychology.

Question 12

Because we begin life as small,weak,and relatively powerless children surrounded by more powerful adults,Adler believed that everyone

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that as children, we feel inferior and powerless in comparison to the adults around us. This feeling of inferiority stays with us and shapes our personality and behavior throughout our lives.

Question 13

Which of the following would NOT be considered a Neo-Freudian?

Accepted Answer

Julian Rotter is not considered a Neo-Freudian as he developed his own theory of social learning and locus of control, which was not directly based on Freud's theory of psychoanalysis. The other options (Karen Horney, Anna Freud, and Erich Fromm) are all considered Neo-Freudians as they built upon and modified Freud's original psychoanalytic theory.

Question 14

According to Freud,children from age six to puberty experience a quiet,settled time when psychosexual development is "on hold." This is called the __________ period.

Accepted Answer

The latency period is the time between the ages of 6 and puberty, during which children's libidinal energy is suppressed or sublimated towards activities such as school, hobbies, and friendships. The phallic period occurs earlier, between the ages of 3 and 6, when children become particularly interested in their genitals and Oedipal/Electra complexes start to develop. The anal period occurs earlier as well, from ages 1 to 3, during which children focus on toilet training and learning to control their bodily functions. The genital period occurs later, after puberty, when sexual desires are reawakened in a mature form.

Question 15

During which psychosexual stage or period does the adolescent develop a growing capacity for responsible social-sexual relationships?

Accepted Answer

The genital stage, which occurs during adolescence, is characterized by the development of mature sexual interests and the ability to form responsible social-sexual relationships. This occurs as the individual's focus shifts from self-gratification to the desire for mutual sexual pleasure within a committed relationship.

Question 16

What do the following personality theorists have in common: Alfred Adler,Harry Sullivan,and Carl Jung?

Accepted Answer

All three theorists were initially influenced by Freud but eventually developed their own distinct theories that diverged significantly from Freudian psychoanalysis.

Question 17

In Adler's view,the main driving force in personality is a striving for

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that the main driving force in personality is a striving for superiority or perfection. This striving is not necessarily for an external form of superiority, but rather an internal sense of mastery and fulfillment. Adler believed that this striving for superiority can manifest in different ways for different individuals, such as through social power, intellectual achievement, or artistic expression.

Question 18

One of Freud's major contributions was

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality. He believed that conflicts during each of the stages of development could lead to fixation and impact personality in later life. This idea greatly influenced the field of psychology and our understanding of human development.

Question 19

Which of the following was a contribution of Freudian developmental theory?

Accepted Answer

Freud was one of the first to propose that development proceeds through a series of stages. This was an important contribution as it laid the foundation for subsequent developmental theories that also proposed stage-like progressions.

Question 20

Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory have been challenged by new research?

Accepted Answer

Freud's portrayal of the elementary school years as free from sexuality and unimportant for personality development has been challenged by new research.

Quiz 12: B: Personality