Question 1

Which of the following is more likely to be present in people with dyslexia?
A) Weak eye muscles
B) Larger than normal corpus callosum
C) Stuttering
D) Parts of the right temporal cortex larger than the left

Accepted Answer

People with dyslexia often have parts of the right temporal cortex that are larger than the left, which is associated with the atypical brain structure and function observed in dyslexia.

Question 2

Fluent aphasia, in which the victim has difficulty comprehending language but is still able to speak smoothly, is due to damage that includes ____.
A) Broca's area
B) Wernicke's area
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the corpus callosum

Accepted Answer

Fluent aphasia, also known as Wernicke's aphasia, is due to damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe, which is responsible for language comprehension. This results in smooth but meaningless speech and difficulty understanding spoken or written language. Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe, which is responsible for speech production, would result in non-fluent aphasia, in which the victim can understand language but has difficulty speaking. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making and planning, and damage to the corpus callosum would impair communication between the two hemispheres of the brain but would not necessarily affect language comprehension or production.

Question 3

Deliberate, top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the prefrontal cortex and the ____.
A) occipital cortex
B) corpus callosum
C) temporal cortex
D) parietal cortex

Accepted Answer

The deliberate, top-down direction of attention relies on the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is involved in planning and decision-making, while the parietal cortex processes sensory information and is responsible for directing attention toward specific stimuli. The occipital cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information, the corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and the temporal cortex is involved in processing auditory information and memory.

Question 4

Dysphonetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.
A) recognizing whole words
B) hearing words
C) guessing word meaning based on context
D) sounding out words

Accepted Answer

Dysphonetic dyslexics have difficulty with phonetics, which means they struggle with decoding the sounds of words and sounding them out. This makes option D the best choice.

Question 5

Wernicke's aphasia is to ____ as Broca's aphasia is to ____.
A) parietal lobe; temporal lobe
B) nouns; verbs
C) spoken language; sign language
D) understanding; speaking

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by difficulty understanding language, while Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing language. Therefore, the correct choice is D, understanding and speaking.

Question 6

A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the ____.
A) right side of the body
B) dorsal areas of the body
C) left side of the body
D) ventral areas of the body

Accepted Answer

Right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage can cause neglect syndrome, which is characterized by the tendency to ignore the left side of the body and the left side of the environment.

Question 7

A single visual pattern is presented under two conditions. Under one condition, the viewer is conscious of it, and under the other, the viewer is not. How does the activity differ in the brain, if at all?
A) Conscious activity is in the cortex. Unconscious activity is in subcortical areas.
B) Activity is more intense and spreads more widely during conscious perception.
C) Conscious activity is in the left hemisphere. Unconscious is in the right hemisphere.
D) The brain activity is the same in both cases.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when a visual pattern is consciously perceived, the activity in the brain is more intense and spreads more widely, involving not only the cortex but also subcortical areas. This suggests that conscious perception involves a more integrated and widespread neural network than unconscious perception.

Question 8

Anomia involves difficulty ____.
A) using prepositions and conjunctions
B) understanding written, as opposed to spoken, language
C) remembering the names of objects
D) speaking rapidly and fluently

Accepted Answer

Anomia involves difficulty remembering the names of objects.

Question 9

Oscar is participating in a research study where he reports the color of the ink (eg., "blue") instead of reading the word written (eg., "red"). He is performing the _____ task and finds that he must not let his mind wander at all to get it right.
A) Stroop effect
B) dysphonetic dyslexia
C) dyseidetic dyslexia
D) change blindness

Accepted Answer

Oscar is performing the Stroop task, which requires him to report the color of the ink instead of reading the word written. The Stroop effect is the interference between the cognitive processes of reading and naming colors, resulting in slower reaction times and errors. To perform the task correctly, Oscar can't let his mind wander and needs to focus on the color of the ink. The other answer choices describe different phenomena or conditions not related to the Stroop effect.

Question 10

What is the "phi" phenomenon?
A) When one stationary object alternates with another, we see movement.
B) People who know each other well are likely to think the same thing at the same time.
C) The more times one has been depressed, the easier it is to become depressed again.
D) A sound heard at the same time as a visual stimulus seems to come from that object.

Accepted Answer

The "phi" phenomenon refers to the illusion of movement created by the rapid succession of stationary objects, such as the appearance of motion when flipping between two still images.

Question 11

The frontal orienting fields are located in the _____.
A) motor cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) posterior parietal cortex.
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

The frontal orienting fields are located in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in various higher cognitive functions including attention, decision-making, and executive control.

Question 12

A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as ____.
A) Broca's aphasia
B) Wernicke's aphasia
C) Williams' syndrome
D) dyslexia

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is a specific impairment of reading in individuals with normal visual abilities and normal cognitive abilities in other academic areas. Broca's aphasia is a type of language disorder, Wernicke's aphasia is another type of language disorder, and Williams' syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause intellectual disability and developmental delays.

Question 13

Dyseidetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.
A) recognizing whole words
B) hearing words
C) guessing word meaning based on context
D) sounding out words

Accepted Answer

Dyseidetic dyslexics, also known as visual dyslexics, have difficulty recognizing whole words, as their primary challenge lies in processing and remembering the visual aspects of words.

Question 14

Anne has a problem with making decisions impulsively and has started gambling. She might have suffered damage to her _____.
A) ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) parietal cortex
D) frontotemporal lobe

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Anne has a problem with making decisions...

Question 15

In the phenomenon of binocular rivalry, when one eye sees one pattern and the other eye sees another, what do you perceive?
A) One pattern superimposed on top of the other
B) Temporary alternation between one pattern and the other
C) A compromise that doesn't match either pattern
D) Whatever the dominant eye sees

Accepted Answer

When each eye receives a different pattern in binocular rivalry, the brain alternates between perceiving one pattern and then the other, instead of seeing a superimposed image or a compromise between the two.

Question 16

Wernicke's aphasia is also known as ____.
A) production aphasia
B) fluent aphasia
C) spoken aphasia
D) nonfluent aphasia

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's aphasia is also known as fluent aphasia, where the production of speech is typically normal in terms of rate and rhythm, but the content of speech is often meaningless or irrelevant due to difficulties with language comprehension. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 17

Kevin is sensitive to how others around him are feeling and tries to identify with their needs. He has high levels of _____.
A) empathy
B) social consciousness
C) altruism
D) anomia

Accepted Answer

Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. In this case, Kevin is sensitive to how others around him are feeling and tries to identify with their needs, indicating high levels of empathy. Social consciousness refers to being aware of social issues, while altruism refers to selfless concern for the well-being of others. Anomia refers to a lack of social norms.

Question 18

As compared to a person with Broca's aphasia, a person with Wernicke's aphasia can ____.
A) remember the names of objects
B) understand written language
C) understand spoken language
D) speak fluently and rapidly

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's aphasia primarily affects language comprehension, both spoken and written, but individuals can still produce speech fluently, albeit often nonsensical or irrelevant. In contrast, Broca's aphasia results in slow, halting speech but preserved comprehension.

Question 19

Dr. Marzano is testing his rats by playing a series of clicks and asking the rat to turn in the direction with the most clicks. If his rats have damage to the frontal orienting fields, they will _____.
A) always turn right
B) always turn left
C) stay frozen in place until they hear the clicks again
D) turn in the direction of the last click sound even if that wasn't the correct choice

Accepted Answer

If the rats have damage to the frontal orienting fields, they will turn in the direction of the last click sound even if that wasn't the correct choice. This is because the damage affects their ability to switch directions based on changing stimuli, causing them to stick with the previously heard sound. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 20

Dyslexia is more common among languages that ____.
A) are phonetically based
B) have many odd spellings
C) are tonal in nature
D) use masculine and feminine nouns

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia tends to be more common in languages with many irregular spellings because these irregularities make reading and spelling more challenging for individuals with dyslexia.

Quiz 13: Cognitive Functions

Which of the following is more likely to be present in people with dyslexia?

Fluent aphasia, in which the victim has difficulty comprehending language but is still able to speak smoothly, is due to damage that includes ____.

Deliberate, top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the prefrontal cortex and the ____.

Dysphonetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.

Wernicke's aphasia is to as Broca's aphasia is to .

A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the ____.

A single visual pattern is presented under two conditions. Under one condition, the viewer is conscious of it, and under the other, the viewer is not. How does the activity differ in the brain, if at all?

Anomia involves difficulty ____.

Oscar is participating in a research study where he reports the color of the ink (eg., "blue") instead of reading the word written (eg., "red") . He is performing the _____ task and finds that he must not let his mind wander at all to get it right.

What is the "phi" phenomenon?

The frontal orienting fields are located in the _____.

A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as ____.

Dyseidetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.

Anne has a problem with making decisions impulsively and has started gambling. She might have suffered damage to her _____.

In the phenomenon of binocular rivalry, when one eye sees one pattern and the other eye sees another, what do you perceive?

Wernicke's aphasia is also known as ____.

Kevin is sensitive to how others around him are feeling and tries to identify with their needs. He has high levels of _____.

As compared to a person with Broca's aphasia, a person with Wernicke's aphasia can ____.

Dr. Marzano is testing his rats by playing a series of clicks and asking the rat to turn in the direction with the most clicks. If his rats have damage to the frontal orienting fields, they will _____.

Dyslexia is more common among languages that ____.