Question 1

Urban ecologist Hoyt examined the layouts of 142 cities and concluded that different types of terrain as well as transportation routes are important factors in how a city is organized. This led to the creation of the __________ for the growth of cities.
A) ​social area analysis
B) ​multiple nuclei model
C) ​concentric zone model
D) ​sector model

Accepted Answer

The answer of Urban ecologist Hoyt examined the layouts of...

Question 2

Which of these is not one of the factors noted in the text for limiting the size of preindustrial cities?​
A) ​crowded housing conditions and a lack of adequate sewage facilities
B) ​limited food supplies
C) ​difficulty of migrating to the cities
D) ​lack of a sense of community identity

Accepted Answer

The text identifies crowded housing conditions, lack of adequate sewage facilities, and limited food supplies as factors that limit the size of preindustrial cities. The difficulty of migrating to the cities is also mentioned as a potential limiting factor. However, lack of a sense of community identity is not mentioned as a factor.

Question 3

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tӧnnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being __________, a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
A) ​gemeinschaft
B) ​oligarchic
C) ​gesellschaft
D) ​democratic

Accepted Answer

Tӧnnies' concept of Gemeinschaft describes a type of preindustrial society characterized by close-knit social relationships based on personal bonds of kinship and friendship. This contrasts with Gesellschaft, which refers to societies characterized by impersonal, individualistic relationships and interdependence based on a division of labor. The other answer choices are either unrelated (oligarchic, democratic) or incorrect (C, Gesellschaft).

Question 4

Applying his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.
A) ​Egypt
B) ​China
C) ​Greece
D) ​Mesopotamia

Accepted Answer

Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in Mesopotamia because it had favorable preconditions for urbanization, including fertile land for agriculture, a centralized system of government, and the development of writing, among others.

Question 5

In Burgess's concentric zone model, __________ is a ring of small cities and towns populated by persons who commute to the central city to work and by wealthy people living on estates.
A) ​Zone 2
B) ​Zone 3
C) ​Zone 4
D) ​Zone 5

Accepted Answer

Zone 5 in Burgess's concentric zone model is described as the commuter zone, which includes a ring of small cities and towns. People living in this zone typically commute to the central city for work, and it also includes areas where wealthy individuals might live on large estates.

Question 6

__________ is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.
A) ​Demography
B) ​Urban sociology
C) ​Human ecology
D) ​Physical sociology

Accepted Answer

Human ecology is a branch of sociology that studies the relationship between people and their environment. It examines how people interact with their environment, how the environment shapes human behavior and how human activities can impact the environment. Human ecology focuses on the social and cultural factors that influence the way people use and manage natural resources, as well as how people adapt to and modify their physical surroundings.

Question 7

When members of the middle and upper-middle classes, usually whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties, this is termed __________.
A) ​invasion
B) ​succession
C) ​gentrification
D) ​diffusion

Accepted Answer

Gentrification refers to the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes, usually whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties. This often leads to rising property values and the displacement of lower-income residents. Invasion refers to the sudden appearance of a large number of people or things in a place, while succession refers to one group or culture gradually replacing another. Diffusion refers to the spread of ideas or cultural traits from one society to another.

Question 8

Once a flow of international migration has begun, the pattern may continue because immigrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who are potential migrants to the new country. This is the essence of __________.
A) ​world systems theory
B) ​institutional theory
C) ​neoclassical economic theory
D) ​network theory

Accepted Answer

The description given in the statement matches the concept of Network Theory, which suggests that immigrants use social networks to spread information about the opportunities in the new country to their family and friends, making it more likely for them to immigrate too.

Question 9

The largest preindustrial city was __________.
A) ​Jericho
B) ​Athens
C) ​Rome
D) ​Babylon

Accepted Answer

Rome, at its peak, was the largest preindustrial city with estimates of its population reaching over 1 million people by the first century BCE. Other cities like Athens, Babylon, and Jericho, while significant in their own right, did not reach the population size or urban sprawl of ancient Rome during the same period.

Question 10

In contrast to the earliest cities, industrial cities were characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Tӧnnies's term for this is __________.
A) ​gemeinschaft
B) ​bureaucracy
C) ​gesellschaft
D) ​autocracy

Accepted Answer

Tönnies coined the term Gesellschaft to describe the impersonal and specialized relationships found in industrial cities. Gemeinschaft, on the other hand, refers to the close-knit relationships found in traditional societies. Bureaucracy and autocracy are not directly related to the type of relationships found in industrial cities.

Question 11

When single-family residences are sold and turned into apartments, the remaining singlefamily owners often move out because the "old" neighborhood had changed. This is an example of __________ having occurred.
A) ​gentrification
B) ​invasion
C) ​diffusion
D) ​succession

Accepted Answer

Succession refers to the process where one social group or land use replaces another, often leading to changes in the neighborhood dynamics, such as single-family homes being converted into apartments.

Question 12

Lower-middle-class families move from the city into suburbs more recently occupied by upper-middle-class families. This is an example of the concept of __________.
A) ​succession
B) ​diffusion
C) ​invasion
D) ​gentrification

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lower-middle-class families move from the city into...

Question 13

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in cities.
A) ​Institutional sociology
B) ​Civic sociology
C) ​Urban sociology
D) ​

Accepted Answer

Urban sociology focuses specifically on studying the social structures and relationships within cities, including political and economic factors that shape these structures. Institutional sociology and civic sociology are subfields within sociology but are not specifically focused on urban environments.

Question 14

__________ is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity.
A) ​Diffusion
B) ​Succession
C) ​Gentrification
D) ​Invasion

Accepted Answer

Succession is the natural process of one group or activity replacing another in an area. This can occur in urban areas with the gradual transition of land use, such as an industrial area being replaced by a commercial or residential area.

Question 15

__________ refers to the ecological process involved in the concentric zone model in which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use.
A) ​Invasion
B) ​Gentrification
C) ​Succession
D) ​Diffusion

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ refers to the ecological process involved...

Question 16

__________ suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.
A) ​Network theory
B) ​Institutional theory
C) ​World systems theory
D) ​Neoclassical economic theory

Accepted Answer

This statement aligns with the principles of institutional theory, which suggests that organizations (such as humanitarian aid groups or smugglers) play a significant role in shaping migration patterns and can create a larger flow of migrants than would occur naturally.

Question 17

__________ argue that gentrification creates additional hardships for the poor by depleting the amount of affordable housing available and by "pushing" them out of city neighborhoods.
A) ​Functionalist
B) ​Conflict theorists
C) ​Symbolic interactionists
D) ​Postmodern theorists

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists argue that gentrification results in the displacement of the poor by increasing rents and property values, making it difficult for them to find affordable housing. They believe that this process disproportionately affects low-income households and perpetuates social inequality.

Question 18

Emile Durkheim applied the term __________ to bonds based on a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.
A) ​technological solidarity
B) ​mechanical solidarity
C) ​ecological solidarity
D) ​organic solidarity

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim applied the term "mechanical solidarity" to bonds based on a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.

Question 19

Durkheim's concept of __________ is characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large, urban societies.
A) ​organic solidarity
B) ​ecological solidarity
C) ​mechanical solidarity
D) ​technological solidarity

Accepted Answer

Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity is based on the interdependence found in large, urban societies due to the complex division of labor. This is different from mechanical solidarity, which is characterized by a simpler division of labor found in small, rural societies.

Question 20

Two hundred years ago, about 3 percent of the world's population lived in cities, compared with __________ today.
A) ​10 percent
B) ​about 25 percent
C) ​just over 35 percent
D) ​more than 50 percent

Accepted Answer

According to the United Nations, as of 2018, more than 55 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas, making D the correct choice.

Quiz 15: Population and Urbanization

Urban ecologist Hoyt examined the layouts of 142 cities and concluded that different types of terrain as well as transportation routes are important factors in how a city is organized. This led to the creation of the __________ for the growth of cities.

Which of these is not one of the factors noted in the text for limiting the size of preindustrial cities?​

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tӧnnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being __________, a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Applying his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.

In Burgess's concentric zone model, __________ is a ring of small cities and towns populated by persons who commute to the central city to work and by wealthy people living on estates.

__________ is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.

When members of the middle and upper-middle classes, usually whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties, this is termed __________.

Once a flow of international migration has begun, the pattern may continue because immigrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who are potential migrants to the new country. This is the essence of __________.

The largest preindustrial city was __________.

In contrast to the earliest cities, industrial cities were characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Tӧnnies's term for this is __________.

When single-family residences are sold and turned into apartments, the remaining singlefamily owners often move out because the "old" neighborhood had changed. This is an example of __________ having occurred.

Lower-middle-class families move from the city into suburbs more recently occupied by upper-middle-class families. This is an example of the concept of __________.

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in cities.

__________ is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity.

__________ refers to the ecological process involved in the concentric zone model in which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use.

__________ suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

__________ argue that gentrification creates additional hardships for the poor by depleting the amount of affordable housing available and by "pushing" them out of city neighborhoods.

Emile Durkheim applied the term __________ to bonds based on a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.

Durkheim's concept of __________ is characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large, urban societies.

Two hundred years ago, about 3 percent of the world's population lived in cities, compared with __________ today.

Which of these is not one of the factors noted in the text for limiting the size of preindustrial cities?