Question 1

Stewart determines that he will never find employment because he failed his physics final. This determination is an example of

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the process of receiving information and transforming it into a memory or representation that can be stored and recalled later. In this scenario, Stewart has encoded the belief that he will never find employment because he failed his physics final. Amortization refers to the process of dividing the cost of an asset over its useful life, decoding refers to the process of interpreting a message that has been received or read, and reprogramming refers to the process of changing or modifying the programming or instructions of a computer or machine.

Question 2

A major criticism of social-cognitive theorists is that they

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists emphasize the role of observational learning, person variables, and self-awareness in behavior. They do not claim that behavior can be acquired in the absence of reinforcement.

Question 3

Behaviorism is limited because of its self-imposed decision to not study

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism focuses solely on observable events and actions, leaving out any consideration of internal processes such as thoughts and feelings. Therefore, it is limited in its capacity to fully understand human behavior and cognition.

Question 4

Psychodynamic is to _____ as humanistic-existential is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theories focus on the role of unconscious desires and conflicts in shaping behavior and personality, while humanistic-existential theories emphasize self-awareness and personal growth.

Question 5

Karen is open to new experiences, not afraid to take risks, and always strives to do her best on any project. According to Maslow, Karen demonstrates characteristics of a

Accepted Answer

Karen's characteristics of being open to new experiences, not afraid to take risks, and always striving to do her best on any project align with Maslow's concept of self-actualization. Self-actualizers are individuals who strive to reach their full potential and achieve personal growth, and they possess these specific qualities.

Question 6

Trait theories are to _____ variables as learning theories are to _____ variables.

Accepted Answer

Trait theories focus on internal variables, such as personality traits, while learning theories focus on external variables, such as reinforcement and punishment, which can shape behavior. Therefore, the best choice is B, which correctly matches trait theories with internal variables and learning theories with external variables.

Question 7

Research has shown that prenatal sex hormones and type of play are related would support which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The research showing a relationship between prenatal sex hormones and type of play supports the idea that biology plays a role in gender-typing. This does not necessarily address the role of social cognition in gender-typing, nor does it imply that all aspects of gender-typing are determined solely by biology.

Question 8

Humanism endorses the concept(s)

Accepted Answer

Humanism emphasizes the importance of individualism and personal experience, which leads to the endorsement of self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and free choice. Therefore, all of the choices - A, B, and C - are endorsed by humanism.

Question 9

Lisa is studying musical theater. She is convinced that she will one day make it to Broadway. Lisa demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy expectations are beliefs about one's ability to succeed in a specific task or domain. Lisa's conviction that she will make it to Broadway suggests a high level of self-efficacy in her own musical theater abilities.

Answer: B 
 Competencies refer to the knowledge, skills, and abilities that an individual possesses in a particular area. Lisa's studying of musical theater indicates that she is working to develop and enhance these competencies.

Answer: D 
 Encoding strategies are techniques or methods used to help remember and retrieve information. While Lisa's conviction and competencies contribute to her success in musical theater, it is not necessarily linked to encoding strategies.

Therefore, the best choices are A and B.

Question 10

Making a New Year's resolution to exercise regularly is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

Making a New Year's resolution to exercise regularly involves setting up a self-regulatory system to achieve a goal. It requires self-discipline and the ability to monitor behavior and adjust it accordingly. Option B (subjective value) refers to personal beliefs and opinions, while option C (consequences) refers to the outcomes of behavior. Option D (expectancies) refers to the predicted outcomes of future behavior based on past experiences or knowledge.

Question 11

Jack read a story in which a woman is extremely happy after receiving flowers from her husband. He therefore decides to buy flowers for his girlfriend. This is an example of learning through

Accepted Answer

Jack observed the behavior of the woman in the story and modeled it by buying flowers for his girlfriend.

Question 12

Which of the following reflects the beliefs of existentialists?

Accepted Answer

Existentialists believe that individuals have complete freedom to make choices and determine their own destinies. They reject the idea that social forces or external factors determine their lives. Instead, they emphasize that each person is responsible for creating their own meaning and purpose in life.

Question 13

Unlike behaviorists, social-cognitive theorists recognize the influence of _____ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists emphasize the role of cognitive processes, including emotions, in understanding behavior, unlike behaviorists who focus primarily on observable stimuli and consequences.

Question 14

Even at a young age, Aedan has developed a clear sense of what are considered toys for boys and toys for girls. Aedan is developing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Even at a young age, Aedan has...

Question 15

Competencies are demonstrated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Competencies encompass a range of skills and abilities, including communication, artistic, and academic skills, making all the options correct.

Question 16

A criticism of behaviorists in regards to personality is that they have

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists have been criticized for ignoring psychological constructs like unconscious drives, limiting their study to observable variables, and assuming that behavior is only situationally determined.

Question 17

Isabella's parents enjoy seeing her play with her own "babies" and praise her for being a good "mommy" just like her own mommy. Isabella is likely to continue this type of play, which can be explained by which theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Isabella's parents enjoy seeing her play with...

Question 18

Humanism has historically been labeled as the "third force" in American psychology because of its comparison to

Accepted Answer

Humanism emerged as a “third force” in American psychology in response to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which were the dominant psychological perspectives at the time. Structuralism and functionalism were the first two forces in American psychology, while trait models and social models and biology and philosophy are not typically seen as part of this classification.

Question 19

The Army motto: "Be all that you can be" would be the theme also used by

Accepted Answer

Maslow's concept of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs emphasize the idea of reaching one's full potential and becoming all that one can be, aligning with the Army motto. Freud, Allport, and Bandura do not have direct connections to this concept.

Question 20

Existentialism would agree with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Existentialism stresses on individual freedom, authenticity, and the search for meaning and purpose in life. According to existentialism, individuals have free will and are responsible for creating their own values and meaning in life. Therefore, the meaning of our lives is the meaning we give to our lives.

Quiz 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement