Question 1

Brain injuries produced by blows that do not penetrate the skull are called
A) closed-head injuries.
B) contrecoup injuries.
C) hematomas.
D) contusions.
E) lacerations.

Accepted Answer

Closed-head injuries are brain injuries that are caused by blows to the head that do not penetrate the skull. This can result in damage to the brain tissue and blood vessels. Contrecoup injuries, hematomas, contusions, and lacerations may also be caused by closed-head injuries, but they are not the primary term used to describe these types of injuries.

Question 2

Meningitis is
A) the result of a bacterial infection.
B) a type of encephalitis.
C) an inflammation of the meninges of the brain.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Accepted Answer

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain, which can be caused by a bacterial infection (choice A) or a virus (choice B).

Question 3

A "crackpot," in the original sense of the word,was a person who was suffering from
A) the effects of lead poisoning.
B) a type of toxic psychosis.
C) general paresis.
D) tardive dyskinesia.
E) both A and B

Accepted Answer

The term "crackpot" originally referred to individuals suffering from the effects of lead poisoning (A) and a type of toxic psychosis (B), both of which could lead to erratic and irrational behavior.

Question 4

Involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips,thrusting and rolling of the tongue,lateral jaw movements,and puffing of the cheeks are all symptoms of
A) tardive dyskinesia.
B) general paresis.
C) dementia.
D) mercury poisoning.
E) lead poisoning.

Accepted Answer

Involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips, thrusting and rolling of the tongue, lateral jaw movements, and puffing of the cheeks are all symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, which is a movement disorder caused by long-term use of certain medications, such as antipsychotics. General paresis is a late stage of syphilis that affects the brain and nervous system, while dementia is a broad term for a decline in cognitive abilities. Mercury and lead poisoning may cause a range of symptoms, but not specifically these motor symptoms.

Question 5

Given the cascade of events leading to ischemia-produced brain damage,it has been suggested that __________ antagonists administered immediately after a stroke might reduce the subsequent development of brain damage.
A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) dopamine
E) serotonin

Accepted Answer

The cascade of events leading to ischemia-produced brain damage involves excessive release of glutamate, which in turn leads to excitotoxicity and neuronal death. Therefore, glutamate antagonists administered immediately after a stroke might reduce the subsequent development of brain damage.

Question 6

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor
A) contusions.
B) blows to the head.
C) infarcts.
D) aneurysms.
E) embolisms.

Accepted Answer

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurological disorder that results from repeated head injuries. These head injuries can come from many minor blows to the head or concussions, but not from infarcts, aneurysms, or embolisms. Therefore, the correct answer is B) blows to the head.

Question 7

Tardive dyskinesia is caused by
A) the chronic use of some kinds of antipsychotic drugs.
B) lead poisoning.
C) toxic psychosis.
D) mercury poisoning.
E) viral infection.

Accepted Answer

Tardive dyskinesia is primarily caused by the chronic use of some types of antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine receptors in the brain. This often occurs after long-term use of these medications, particularly among elderly patients, and can result in involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and limbs. Other causes of dyskinesia, such as lead or mercury poisoning or viral infections, are less common.

Question 8

General paresis is
A) an officer in the Spanish army.
B) a mild general paralysis.
C) the mental illness and intellectual impairment associated with advanced cases of syphilis.
D) a bacterial infection that attacks a large group of people.
E) a viral infection that attacks a large group of people.

Accepted Answer

General paresis is a term used to describe the mental illness and intellectual impairment that can occur in the advanced stages of syphilis. It is caused by the bacteria that cause syphilis attacking the brain and nervous system. It is not related to being an officer in the Spanish army, a mild paralysis, or any viral infection. While it is spread through contact with infected individuals, it is not an infection that can attack a large group of people.

Question 9

In a car accident,a woman banged the front of her head on the steering wheel.A subsequent CT scan revealed a subdural hematoma over the left occipital lobe.The woman clearly had suffered a
A) contrecoup injury.
B) contusion.
C) concussion.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Accepted Answer

A contrecoup injury occurs when the force applied to the head is strong enough to cause injury on the opposite side of the impact, which explains the hematoma on the left occipital lobe when the woman hit the front of her head. A contusion is a bruise, which in this context refers to bruising of brain tissue at the site opposite the impact.

Question 10

Rabies is caused by
A) a bacterial infection usually transmitted in the saliva of a rabid animal.
B) a bacterial infection usually transmitted in the saliva of a rabbit animal.
C) a virus.
D) an embolism.
E) an infarct.

Accepted Answer

Rabies is caused by a virus, specifically the rabies virus. It is usually transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, such as bats, dogs, and raccoons.

Question 11

Brain damage following ischemic strokes seems to be caused by
A) NMDA buildup.
B) excessive serotonin release.
C) an imbalance of GABA.
D) norepinephrine inhibition.
E) excessive glutamate release.

Accepted Answer

Excessive glutamate release is known to cause brain damage following ischemic strokes. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is released in large quantities when brain cells become damaged due to lack of oxygen and glucose supply. The excessive release of glutamate leads to an influx of calcium ions into the cells, which triggers a cascade of events that ultimately cause cell death and brain damage.

Question 12

The brain inflammation resulting from an infection is termed
A) general paresis.
B) dementia.
C) encephalitis.
D) meningitis.
E) tardive dyskinesia.

Accepted Answer

Encephalitis is the term used to describe brain inflammation resulting from an infection. General paresis is a specific form of dementia caused by syphilis, dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive functioning, meningitis is inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder often associated with long-term use of certain medications.

Question 13

A hematoma is a
A) type of dementia.
B) localized collection of clotted blood.
C) bruise.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Accepted Answer

A hematoma is a localized collection of clotted blood, which can result in a bruise. It is not a type of dementia, therefore option A is incorrect. Option D is also incorrect as it includes option A which is wrong. Therefore, the best choice is E as it correctly identifies a hematoma as a collection of clotted blood and a bruise.

Question 14

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)suggests that each individual concussion is associated with
A) some lasting damage.
B) dementia.
C) scarring.
D) a contusion.
E) meningitis.

Accepted Answer

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a degenerative brain disease that has been linked to repeated head trauma, including concussions. Research suggests that each individual concussion may cause some lasting damage to the brain, leading to the development of CTE over time.

Answer: B 
 CTE has been associated with cognitive and behavioral symptoms similar to dementia, including memory loss, confusion, and mood disorders.

Answer: C 
 CTE is characterized by the buildup of tau protein, which can form scar-like structures in the brain. These structures, called neurofibrillary tangles, contribute to the degeneration of brain cells and can lead to cognitive and behavioral symptoms.

Answer: D 
 A contusion is a type of brain injury that involves bruising of the brain tissue. While concussions and contusions can share some similarities, CTE is not necessarily associated with contusions specifically.

Answer: E 
 Meningitis is a separate condition that involves inflammation of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is not directly related to CTE or concussions.

Question 15

The word "crackpot" originally referred to people suffering from
A) caffeine poisoning.
B) tea poisoning.
C) syphilis.
D) lead poisoning.
E) mercury poisoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The word "crackpot" originally referred to people...

Question 16

Contusions
A) occur only when the brain is punctured by a sharp object.
B) involve hemorrhage and hematoma.
C) are often produced by the brain slamming against the inside of the skull.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Accepted Answer

Contusions typically involve hemorrhage and hematoma, which can occur when the brain slams against the inside of the skull due to a traumatic impact. Contusions do not necessarily involve a puncture from a sharp object, so option A is incorrect. Option D is too broad, as it includes option C, which is the specific mechanism of injury that leads to contusions. Therefore, the most accurate answer is E, which identifies both the specific mechanism of injury and the resulting types of damage.

Question 17

When there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and there is no evidence of physical damage,the diagnosis is
A) contusion.
B) laceration.
C) concussion.
D) hematoma.
E) aneurysm.

Accepted Answer

A disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head without evidence of physical damage is indicative of a concussion. Contusion and laceration both involve physical damage. Hematoma and aneurysm may also involve physical damage and have specific symptoms not related solely to a disturbance of consciousness.

Question 18

The mumps and herpes simplex viruses are common examples of
A) cerebral tumors.
B) viruses that can attack the brain but do not have a particular affinity for brain tissue.
C) diseases that usually cause brain abscesses.
D) viruses that have a particular affinity for brain tissue.
E) bacterial infections.

Accepted Answer

Both mumps and herpes simplex viruses can infect different parts of the body, including the brain, but they do not have a particular affinity for brain tissue. This means that although they can cause brain-related symptoms, they are not specifically targeting or attacking the brain.

Question 19

When the brain slams against the inside of the skull,blood from the resulting contusion often accumulates in the
A) subdural space.
B) ventricles.
C) internal canal.
D) fissures.
E) sulci.

Accepted Answer

When the brain slams against the inside of the skull, blood from the resulting contusion may accumulate in the subdural space, which is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater that surround the brain. This can lead to a subdural hematoma, which can be a serious medical condition. Therefore, A) is the best choice. The other options (B-E) are not areas where blood would usually accumulate in this situation.

Question 20

Following cerebral ischemia,
A) glutamate is released in excessive quantities.
B) excessive activity is induced at NMDA receptors.
C) excessive numbers of calcium and sodium ions enter postsynaptic neurons.
D) postsynaptic neurons slowly die.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Following cerebral ischemia, all of the above events occur. Glutamate is released in excessive quantities, leading to overactivation of NMDA receptors and subsequent entry of excessive calcium and sodium ions into postsynaptic neurons. This can cause neuronal damage and cell death.

Quiz 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity

Brain injuries produced by blows that do not penetrate the skull are called

Meningitis is

A "crackpot," in the original sense of the word,was a person who was suffering from

Involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips,thrusting and rolling of the tongue,lateral jaw movements,and puffing of the cheeks are all symptoms of

Given the cascade of events leading to ischemia-produced brain damage,it has been suggested that __________ antagonists administered immediately after a stroke might reduce the subsequent development of brain damage.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor

Tardive dyskinesia is caused by

General paresis is

In a car accident,a woman banged the front of her head on the steering wheel.A subsequent CT scan revealed a subdural hematoma over the left occipital lobe.The woman clearly had suffered a

Rabies is caused by

Brain damage following ischemic strokes seems to be caused by

The brain inflammation resulting from an infection is termed

A hematoma is a

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) suggests that each individual concussion is associated with

The word "crackpot" originally referred to people suffering from

Contusions

When there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and there is no evidence of physical damage,the diagnosis is

The mumps and herpes simplex viruses are common examples of

When the brain slams against the inside of the skull,blood from the resulting contusion often accumulates in the

Following cerebral ischemia,