Question 1

Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys?

Accepted Answer

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample task has been extensively used in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys. In this task, a monkey is shown an object, then after a delay, must choose the novel object out of two choices. Impairments in object recognition can be measured by the ability to correctly choose the novel object. The other options listed are all tasks commonly used in cognitive research with monkeys, but they do not specifically assess object-recognition deficits.

Question 2

According to the reconsolidation notion,long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are

Accepted Answer

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories can be temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are recalled. This is because recalling the memory can make it temporarily unstable and open to modification before it is reconsolidated back into long-term storage.

Question 3

In the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test,which has been used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,

Accepted Answer

In the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test, food is placed under the nonsample object during the test phase, requiring the subject to choose the object that does not match the sample to receive the reward.

Question 4

Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive shock produces amnesic effects similar to those produced by concussion, making it a useful tool for studying memory impairment.

Question 5

Islands of memory following concussion are memories of

Accepted Answer

Islands of memory following a concussion refer to the phenomenon where an individual can remember specific events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia. This means that while the person may not recall most of what happened during a certain period following the concussion, they can recall certain events in detail, as if these memories are "islands" in a "sea" of amnesia.

Question 6

Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Posttraumatic amnesia refers to memory loss following a non-penetrative head injury, such as a concussion.

Question 7

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called

Accepted Answer

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called an "engram." This term was originally coined by the physiologist Richard Semon in 1904 to refer to the physical trace of a memory in the brain. Today, it is still used to describe the neural network that underlies a particular memory.

Question 8

Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task.It is the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Illustrated here is one phase of the...

Question 9

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire,Slater,and Chace (1975)in which the memory for __________ was assessed.

Accepted Answer

The study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) assessed memory for television shows that played for only one year, demonstrating the long-term resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock.

Question 10

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ test that were similar in major respects to the memory deficits displayed by H.M.

Accepted Answer

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test assesses nonverbal memory and is commonly used to study medial temporal lobe function. The fact that monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on this test that were similar to the memory deficits displayed by H.M. suggests that this task is sensitive to the same brain areas that are important for human memory.

Question 11

Currently,consolidation is thought to last

Accepted Answer

Consolidation can last for a very long time, if not indefinitely. This is because the process involves the strengthening and stabilization of new memories, which can continue to occur over an extended period of time as the brain continues to integrate and solidify the information. While there may be some immediate processes that occur within the first few minutes or hours after new learning, the overall process of consolidation is much longer and can persist for years or even a lifetime.

Question 12

The identification of basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease implicated

Accepted Answer

Basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease is specifically related to the degeneration of cholinergic neurons. These neurons play a critical role in memory and cognition. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. The other options (A, C, D, and E) are not directly related to the basal forebrain or cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 13

In Alzheimer's disease,the brain damage is

Accepted Answer

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is diffuse, affecting multiple areas of the brain such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other regions. It is not restricted to any one specific area or hemisphere.

Question 14

Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery,it was once widely believed that the hippocampus

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s surgery only affected retrograde memories acquired shortly before the surgery, indicating that the hippocampus plays a role in the temporary storage of memories before they are transferred to a more permanent location in the brain. This suggests that the hippocampus does not store all long-term memories, but rather plays a role in the consolidation of memories from short-term to long-term storage.

Question 15

The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive shock is a common method used in research to study retrograde amnesia in laboratory animals, as it can induce temporary memory loss similar to that seen in closed-head injuries.

Question 16

Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation consistently takes about

Accepted Answer

Memory consolidation does not adhere to a single, specific timeframe like those listed (1 minute, 10 minutes, 1 hour, or 2 years). The process can vary significantly depending on the type of memory, individual differences, and other factors.

Question 17

In an innovative series of experiments,Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT.They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that

Accepted Answer

The experiments assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT by assessing their memory for television shows that had played for only one season. This was done in order to ensure that the patients were unlikely to have already encountered the shows prior to their ECT treatment, thus allowing for a more accurate assessment of the retrograde amnesia.

Question 18

Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after

Accepted Answer

The term "concussion" is associated with events occurring before and after a specific incident, typically referring to a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. The time course of events in the context of a concussion includes both the immediate effects and the subsequent recovery or complications that can arise.

Question 19

In retrospect,the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on

Accepted Answer

The initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was due to the focus on implicit memory tests and the hippocampus. Implicit memory tests do not fully capture the complexities of human amnesia, and focusing solely on the hippocampus overlooks the involvement of other medial temporal lobe structures in memory processes.

Question 20

At delays of a few minutes or less,healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Accepted Answer

Healthy control monkeys tend to score about 90% correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task with delays of a few minutes or less. This is a well-established finding in primate research. Therefore, choice A) is the best answer.

Quiz 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia