Question 1

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,__________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory emphasizes the importance of active exploration and manipulation of the environment by children in constructing their own knowledge and understanding of the world. It is not based on reinforcement or sensitivity periods, and does not prioritize adult teaching as the primary vehicle for development.

Question 2

Cindy tells her daughter,"I know you can do a good job on that homework" because she believes that if she encourages persistence,her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving.Cindy is applying the __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

Cindy is applying the social-cognitive approach by using positive reinforcement and encouraging her daughter's beliefs about herself and her abilities. This approach emphasizes the role of both personal factors, such as beliefs and self-efficacy, and environmental factors, such as social support and reinforcement, in shaping behavior and development.

Question 3

Today,Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's theory of social learning emphasizes the role of cognition in behavior. It suggests that individuals can learn new behaviors and attitudes by observing and imitating others, but they also engage in cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in order to do so. His theory also emphasizes the importance of reinforcement in shaping and maintaining behavior, but cognition is a key factor in determining what behaviors are reinforced. Therefore, while behavior modification and reinforcement are important concepts in Bandura's theory, the emphasis on cognition sets it apart from other behaviorist theories that focus solely on observable behavior and its consequences.

Question 4

One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One criticism of the information-processing approach is...

Question 5

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. It focuses on how information is processed, stored, and retrieved by the brain. This approach suggests that the mind operates in a similar way to a computer, with input being received, processed, and output being produced.

Question 6

According to Jean Piaget,__________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children strive for equilibrium, or balance, between their internal cognitive structures (schemas) and the external information they encounter in their everyday environments. This balance creates a state of cognitive harmony, known as equilibrium. When children encounter new information that does not fit their existing understanding, they experience cognitive dissonance, which motivates them to either adapt their schemas to fit the new information (accommodation) or to modify the new information to fit their existing schemas (assimilation).

Question 7

Developmental social neuroscience __________.

Accepted Answer

Developmental social neuroscience is a field that mainly focuses on investigating the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development. It aims to understand how early experiences and environments shape the development of the brain as well as emotional and social functioning.

Question 8

Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory __________.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism and social learning theory focus heavily on the environment as the primary influence on development, but their emphasis on observable and measurable behavior can lead to a narrow view of the many important environmental influences that can shape development. This may underestimate the impact of factors such as cultural and historical context, community and peer relationships, and social policies and practices.

Question 9

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen are considered the pioneers of ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior in their natural habitat. They laid the foundations for the field by studying animal behavior in a systematic and rigorous manner, and their work has inspired generations of researchers to investigate the behavior of animals in their natural environment. Therefore, the best choice is A) ethology.

Question 10

Four-year-old R'Monte engages in make-believe play.He stirs beads in a bowl and says,"Soup is ready!" According to Piaget,R'Monte is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

R'Monte is engaging in pretend play, which is a characteristic of the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. At this stage, children engage in symbolic play and begin to develop language skills, but still struggle with logical thinking and understanding of others' perspectives.

Question 11

A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to __________.

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach to development is committed to rigorous research methods, which include experiments and scientific measurements, to analyze how the mind processes information and how this process changes and develops over time. A major strength of this approach is its emphasis on using precise and objective measurements to study mental processes.

Question 12

Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is based on the concept of adaptation, which involves the processes of assimilation (incorporating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new information). This allows individuals to adapt to their environment and continually develop new cognitive abilities.

Question 13

Dr.Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology,biology,neuroscience,and medicine.This approach to development is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Rizvi's approach to development is focused on studying the relationship between changes in the brain and cognitive processing and behavior patterns, which aligns with the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience. This approach involves researchers from various fields, including psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine, which is also indicated in the scenario. Therefore, the best choice is D) developmental cognitive neuroscience. The other options, behaviorism, cognitive-development theory, and the information-processing approach, are not specific to the interdisciplinary approach described in the scenario.

Question 14

Sydney,when faced with a problem,starts with a hypothesis,deduces testable inferences,and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed.Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

Sydney's problem-solving approach is consistent with the characteristics of the formal operational stage, which is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, reason systematically, and develop hypotheses that can be tested through experimentation. This stage typically emerges in adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Question 15

Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?

Accepted Answer

Observations of imprinting in animals led to the concept of the critical period, which is a specific time period during development when certain experiences are necessary in order for proper development to occur. This concept has been extended to human development, particularly in regards to language acquisition and socio-emotional development.

Question 16

Piaget's critics point out that __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's critics argue that his stagewise account of development does not take into account the significant impact of social and cultural factors on cognitive development. They believe that cultural and social influences play a more significant role in cognitive development than Piaget acknowledged. Additionally, some argue that Piaget overestimates the competencies of young children and infants, leading to an overly optimistic view of their abilities. However, critics also recognize the value of discovery learning as a teaching method, which aligns with Piaget's emphasis on active exploration and construction of knowledge. Lastly, research shows that children's performance on Piagetian tasks can be improved with training, suggesting that Piaget may have underestimated the role of experience and instruction in cognitive development.

Question 17

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.Lillian is a(n)__________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps is indicative of an information-processing theory approach. Information-processing theorists focus on how individuals perceive, store, and retrieve information in order to process it and produce behavior. By mapping out specific steps, Lillian is interested in understanding the cognitive processes involved in completing tasks.

Question 18

According to __________ theory,children learn primarily through modeling.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others in order to learn new skills and behaviors. It suggests that children acquire new behaviors and knowledge by seeing others engaged in them and by receiving reinforcement for imitating these activities. Reinforcement, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning are all important concepts in learning theory, but they do not specifically focus on the role of modeling in learning.

Question 19

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.

Accepted Answer

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses through the use of evidence-based techniques, such as positive reinforcement and systematic desensitization. This approach is often used with individuals with autism, developmental disabilities, and behavioral disorders.

Question 20

Like Piaget's theory,the information-processing approach __________.

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach regards people as actively processing and making sense of their own thinking, much like Piaget's theory. However, it does not necessarily divide development into stages or view it as discontinuous like Piaget's theory. It also may have some insights into nonlinear cognition, but this is not a defining characteristic of the approach.

Quiz 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies