Question 1

In Piaget's Substage __________,8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional,or goal-directed,behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Piaget's Substage __________,8- to 12-month-olds can...

Question 2

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period,the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, toddlers develop the ability to create mental representations which enables them to engage in deferred imitation and use make-believe play. This means they can imitate actions they have seen before and also engage in pretend play where they use objects symbolically. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because understanding object permanence is developed in Substage 4 and engaging in parallel play does not require mental representations. Option C is incorrect as the ability to use primary circular reaction is developed in Substage 3, and functional play is developed in Substage 4. Option D is incorrect as using the violation-of-expectation method is not related to mental representation development in Substage 6.

Question 3

In the violation-of-expectation method,researchers show babies __________.

Accepted Answer

In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers show babies an expected event and an unexpected event, and observe the baby's reactions to determine their understanding of the concept being tested. This is used to test their cognitive abilities and understanding of the physical world.

Question 4

On Monday,20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon.On Thursday,Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce.Raoul is using a(n)__________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Raoul is using a mental representation, which means he has formed a mental image or concept of using a spoon to stir applesauce, based on observing his brother's actions earlier in the week. This allows him to imitate the behavior days later, even when his brother is not present.

Question 5

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that mastery of object permanence is a gradual achievement, with infants showing increasing understanding over time. Piaget's Substage 4 (around 8-12 months) is typically when infants begin to show clear evidence of object permanence, but it is not a sudden or fixed developmental milestone, and individual infants may progress at their own pace. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 6

After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup,10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup.Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.

Accepted Answer

Nicholas is demonstrating the ability to imitate behaviors he has observed, which is characteristic of Substage 4 (Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions) of Piaget's sensorimotor period. This stage typically occurs from 8 to 12 months of age and involves more complex behaviors including the ability to imitate actions.

Question 7

Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is __________.

Accepted Answer

Laboratory research has shown that deferred imitation can be observed in infants as young as 6 weeks old. However, the ability to imitate actions on objects seen in the past is still developing and becomes more sophisticated by 6-9 months of age.

Question 8

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children in the direct viewing condition have an easier time retrieving the toy compared to those in the video condition. This is likely due to the lack of depth perception and the inability to see the object from different angles on a 2D screen. The direct viewing condition allows for a better understanding of the spatial relations between the object and the room, making it easier for the children to locate the object.

Question 9

Professor Hellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems.Professor Hellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The core knowledge perspective proposes that babies are born with innate knowledge systems that allow them to understand and make sense of the world around them. This includes basic concepts of physics, biology, and psychology, among others. Professor Hellinger's beliefs align with this perspective.

Question 10

Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.

Accepted Answer

The A-not-B search error is when infants continue to look for a hidden object in the initial hiding place (location A) even after they witness it being hidden in a different place (location B). This suggests that they do not fully understand object permanence and that objects still exist even when they are out of sight. Therefore, awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies still make the A-not-B search error.

Question 11

Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.

Accepted Answer

The violation-of-expectation method involves presenting a physical event that violates what a baby expects to see based on their prior experience. Researchers then measure the baby's looking time to determine if they appear surprised or interested in the unexpected event. To ensure the validity of the results, researchers need a baseline measurement of the baby's interest in the event. This is achieved by exposing the baby to the physical event until their looking time declines - a process called habituation. Once the baby has habituated, the unexpected event is presented and the researcher can observe the baby's reaction. Therefore, the correct answer is A) habituation.

Question 12

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket.Avery has begun to master __________.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen or touched. Avery's ability to retrieve his ball even after it has been hidden implies that he has begun to understand object permanence.

Question 13

In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period,toddlers __________.

Accepted Answer

Toddlers in Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, also known as the tertiary circular reactions stage, repeat behaviors with variation as they explore the world around them in a more purposeful and intentional way. They are able to create mental representations, but their behaviors are not necessarily motivated by basic needs or solved suddenly. Trial-and-error is still a common problem-solving method for this stage.

Question 14

Core knowledge theorists argue that __________.

Accepted Answer

Core knowledge theorists argue that infants are born with innate, specialized, and domain-specific cognitive abilities that enable them to quickly and easily acquire knowledge about certain aspects of their environment. These domains of knowledge include but are not limited to: physics, biology, psychology, and language. Based on this view, infants are not blank slates and are well prepared to make sense of the world in which they live from birth.

Question 15

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep,and then it is hidden under a blanket.Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

Hannah's ability to find the sheep by coordinating two schemes, "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy, demonstrates her understanding of object permanence and the coordination of secondary schemes, which typically develops around 8 to 12 months of age, fitting her age group.

Question 16

When 12-month-old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny,Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests.Trent is displaying __________.

Accepted Answer

Trent is displaying displaced reference, which is the ability to use words or symbols to refer to objects that are not present. By pointing to the pillow where the bunny usually rests, Trent is indicating that he understands that the bunny is not currently present but is associated with that location. The other options (violation-of-expectation method, deferred imitation, inferred imitation) do not apply to this scenario.

Question 17

The video deficit effect __________.

Accepted Answer

The video deficit effect declines around age 2½, meaning that younger children have a harder time learning from videos compared to real-life experiences.

Question 18

Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than Piaget expected.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than...

Question 19

Older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate __________ rather than __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate purposeful behaviors on objects rather than accidental behaviors on objects. This is because they are able to understand the intention behind the action and are more likely to try to replicate it.

Question 20

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method,Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a series of studies using the...

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood