Question 1

Children's cognitive maps show that school-age children's understanding of __________ is more accurate than that of preschoolers.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children's cognitive maps, or their mental representations of spatial relationships between objects and places, become more accurate as they age and gain more experience in navigating their environments. While preschoolers may have a basic understanding of space and directionality, school-age children have a more refined and detailed understanding of these concepts.

Question 2

During middle childhood,child-invented games usually involve __________.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve a sizable element of luck. Children at this age are still developing their cognitive and analytical skills, and their games tend to be less competitive and more focused on chance and imagination. While competition and adult control might play a role in some games, they are not generally the primary focus. Aggressive behavior may occasionally be present, but it is not a defining characteristic of child-invented games during this stage of development.

Question 3

While playing in the park,Emmett and Cary wrestle,roll,hit,and run after one another.This friendly,rough-and-tumble play __________.

Accepted Answer

Rough-and-tumble play, which includes wrestling, rolling, hitting, and running after one another in a friendly manner, is not unique to humans; it is observed in many animal species, particularly among young mammals. It does not predict aggressive behavior during adolescence; instead, it is a normal part of social development and helps children understand social boundaries, strength, and the concept of fair play. This type of play is more common among boys than among girls, contrary to what option D suggests. It is associated with the development of social hierarchies and understanding of social roles, which is why option C is correct.

Question 4

Which statement about gross-motor development in middle childhood is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are more agile and have better balance. Their movements become more coordinated and controlled, allowing them to participate in a wider range of physical activities with greater success. They also become stronger and faster, and their endurance increases.

Question 5

During a conservation-of-water experiment,8-year-old Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them,rather than centering on just one aspect.Therefore,Emme is capable of __________.

Accepted Answer

Decentration is the ability to focus on multiple aspects of a problem and consider them together, rather than being centered on just one aspect. This is an important cognitive development in children, and is necessary for tasks like conservation-of-water experiments where multiple factors must be considered.

Question 6

Gains in perspective taking permit the transition to __________.

Accepted Answer

Perspective taking is an important skill that allows children to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. This skill is crucial for cooperative play, including rule-oriented games. Therefore, gains in perspective taking permit the transition to rule-oriented games.

Question 7

In a study comparing map-making skills of 12-year-olds in small cities in India and the United States,the Indian children represented more __________ than the American children.

Accepted Answer

Indian children included more features of social life in their maps compared to American children, reflecting cultural differences in what is considered important or noteworthy in their environments.

Question 8

When presented with Piaget's conservation tasks,9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility.This means that Ramon can __________.

Accepted Answer

Reversibility is the ability to mentally reverse a series of steps. Ramon's ability to do this on Piaget's conservation tasks indicates that he has reached the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

Question 9

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's __________ stage,which extends from about 7 to 11 years.

Accepted Answer

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's concrete operational stage, which is characterized by more logical thinking and the ability to understand complex relationships and principles. They can also perform operations on concrete objects and understand conservation of mass, volume, and number.

Question 10

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also reduce the emphasis placed on __________ and instead emphasize __________.

Accepted Answer

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also reduce the emphasis placed on competitive sports and instead emphasize informal games and individual exercise. This is because focusing solely on competitive sports can be discouraging for some students and exclude others who may not be as skilled. Emphasizing informal games and individual exercise can make physical activity more accessible and enjoyable for all students, promoting lifelong healthy habits. Additionally, the emphasis on individual exercise can also help students understand the importance of maintaining a healthy diet and nutritional information.

Question 11

One valid criticism of youth sports is that __________.

Accepted Answer

Youth sports can sometimes be too structured and focused on winning, which can stifle children's creativity and experimentation with different tactics and strategies. This can limit their overall development as athletes and individuals. However, it is not necessarily true that participation in organized sports always results in psychological damage, is the leading cause of childhood injury, or interferes with schoolwork and academic achievement.

Question 12

Margerite passed Piaget's class inclusion problem.This indicates that Margerite can __________.

Accepted Answer

The class inclusion problem involves the ability to understand that even though there may be more objects in one category, they can still be a part of a larger category. Margerite passing this problem indicates that she is able to focus on the relations between a general category (the larger category) and two specific categories (the smaller categories) at the same time.

Question 13

To test for __________,Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.

Accepted Answer

Piaget used the task of arranging sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest to test for seriation, which involves the ability to arrange items in a logical order based on some quantitative dimension, such as length or weight.

Question 14

For most children,joining community athletic teams is associated with __________.

Accepted Answer

Joining community athletic teams is generally associated with increased social skills. Children learn how to communicate with their teammates, work towards a common goal, and build relationships with others. It can also lead to increased physical fitness, but not necessarily decreased self-esteem or increased impulsivity.

Question 15

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends.Playing these child-invented games allows Nadia to __________.

Accepted Answer

Playing child-invented games allows Nadia to try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk. It provides her with a safe environment to experiment with different social skills and strategies while having fun with her friends. It also allows her to be creative and use her imagination to come up with new game ideas.

Question 16

__________ plays a larger role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ plays a larger role in accounting...

Question 17

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son,Bobby,prints using large letters and numbers.Bobby's writing is large because he __________.

Accepted Answer

Bobby's writing is large because he still uses his entire arm to make strokes, instead of just the wrist and fingers. This is common in young children who are still developing fine motor skills. As Bobby's motor skills improve, his writing will likely become smaller and more refined.

Question 18

Which statement about children's map-making abilities is true?

Accepted Answer

Cultural frameworks, such as the way children have been taught to view and represent space and place, have been shown to influence their map-making abilities. This was found in a study by Leong and colleagues (1993) who studied the map-making abilities of Chinese and non-Chinese children in Hong Kong.

Question 19

Which child is particularly susceptible to injury in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Children who are impulsive and highly active are more prone to injury during middle childhood as they may engage in risky behavior without considering the consequences. Shy and moderately active children (A) may be more cautious, quiet and inactive children (C) are less likely to engage in physical activities that could result in injury, and children who are strong in self-regulation (D) are more likely to make safe choices and avoid hazardous situations.

Question 20

A concrete operational child can __________ mentally,an ability called __________.

Accepted Answer

A concrete operational child can seriate mentally, an ability called transitive inference. This stage, identified by Piaget, involves the ability to understand that if A is greater than B, and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C, which is crucial for understanding sequences and order.

Quiz 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood