Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats?
A) They are the same as testing threats.
B) They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales).
C) They can be avoided with one-group, pretest/posttest designs.
D) They are only problematic in observational research.
E) None of the above are true.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Instrumentation threats refer to changes in measurement tools or procedures over the course of a study, which can impact the validity of the results. They are different from testing threats, which occur when repeated measurements or tests alter participants' behavior or performance. Instrumentation threats can occur with any type of measurement instrument, not just mechanical ones. The use of pretest and posttest designs can help control for some threats to internal validity, but instrumentation threats may still be present. Finally, instrumentation threats are not limited to observational research, but can also be a problem in experimental studies.

Which of the Following Is True of Instrumentation Threats