Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a major type of replication?

Accepted Answer

The other options, direct replication, replication-plus-extension, and conceptual replication are all major types of replication commonly used in research. Statistical replication, however, is not a recognized type of replication.

Question 2

The traditional value that determines whether a result is statistically significant is ___________.

Accepted Answer

The traditional value for statistical significance is typically p < .05, which is not listed among the options.

Question 3

When using inferential statistics,researchers calculate a/an __________ to determine statistical significance.

Accepted Answer

When using inferential statistics, researchers calculate a probability estimate to determine whether the results of a study are statistically significant. This involves comparing the observed data to what would be expected by chance, and calculating the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than those observed if there were no true effect. The probability estimate is often expressed as a p-value, which indicates the likelihood of obtaining the observed results under the null hypothesis. A p-value of less than 0.05 (or 0.01, depending on the level of significance chosen) is typically considered statistically significant, meaning that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct a conceptual replication.Which of the following could be in the study to make it this type of replication?

Accepted Answer

Conducting the same study but having participants drink a different caffeinated beverage (a caffeinated energy drink instead of a caffeinated cola) would be a conceptual replication because it tests the same hypothesis in a slightly different way. The other choices (measuring a different group of participants, changing the math problems, etc.) would not necessarily be a replication of the original study.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. The notation "p < 0.05" indicates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The notation "p < 0.05" indicates that Mark's findings are statistically significant and he can conclude that it is unlikely he got his result by chance. Therefore, both options B and C are correct. Option A is not necessarily true just because the p-value is less than 0.05.

Question 6

Which of the following is another term for ecological validity?

Accepted Answer

Ecological validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings can be generalized to real-world settings. Another term for this is mundane realism, which refers to the extent to which a study's procedures and setting resemble the real world.

Question 7

Which of the following types of replications do NOT support external validity?

Accepted Answer

Direct replications do not support external validity as they aim to replicate the original study as closely as possible, focusing on internal validity rather than testing the findings in different contexts or with different variables.

Question 8

When generalizing the results of a sample to a population,which of the following is the most important question to ask?

Accepted Answer

The most important question to ask when generalizing results is how the sample was selected, as this can greatly affect the representativeness of the sample and the validity of the results. The other options (where participants were tested, sample size, number of tests, and whether participants come from the "real world") may also be important considerations depending on the research question, but they are not as critical as the sampling method.

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2
Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project.
-Refer to Research Study 13.2 above to answer the following question. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researchers in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects.Doing this will address which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The file drawer problem refers to the tendency of researchers to only publish studies that have significant results, while not publishing studies that have null effects or negative results. By contacting researchers for unpublished articles or studies with null effects, Cindy can help to address this issue and prevent an overestimation of the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health.

Question 10

If a statistical finding is significant,this means which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A significant statistical finding means that the result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. It does not necessarily imply that the finding is important or that the statistical test was done properly.

Question 11

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

All of the reasons listed (examining conceptual and direct replications, examining the strength of a relationship, and examining moderators of relationships) are important contributions of meta-analyses that psychologists value.

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2
Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project.
-Refer to Research Study 13.2 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is NOT a step Cindy will do in conducting her meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

Cindy will not need to measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants because she is conducting a meta-analysis, which involves synthesizing data from existing studies rather than conducting new research. She will collect all relevant existing studies, calculate effect sizes, and potentially contact other researchers for unpublished studies.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of theory-testing mode?

Accepted Answer

Theory-testing mode prioritizes internal validity over external validity, as it focuses on testing the theoretical relationships and mechanisms rather than generalizing findings to other contexts.

Question 14

Responsible journalists do which of the following as it pertains to discussing replicability?

Accepted Answer

Responsible journalists provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies rather than limiting their reporting to only directly replicated studies or meta-analyses. This helps provide a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the research and its implications.

Question 15

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct a variation of the original study in which he measures participants' ability to solve verbal analogies as the cognitive task instead of measuring their ability to solve math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more verbal analogies than those who drink water beforehand,suggesting caffeine consumption causes improved cognitive performance.This study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A conceptual replication involves testing the same hypothesis as the original study but with different methods or measures. In this case, Mark is testing the effect of caffeine on cognitive performance using a different cognitive task (verbal analogies instead of math problems).

Question 16

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand (p < 10.05).
-Refer to Research Study 13.1 above to answer the following question. Mark decides to conduct the exact same study again to ensure that he can find the same difference between the groups a second time.This study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 13.1
Mark conducts a study for...

Question 17

Which of the following is true of a scientific literature?

Accepted Answer

None of the options presented are true of a scientific literature. Scientific literature is a collection of studies conducted by various researchers over time, exploring different variables and hypotheses. It includes a range of studies that have been published in peer-reviewed journals, books, and conference proceedings.

Question 18

Replication-plus-extensions can add which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Replication-plus-extensions can add both participant and situational variables. These variables allow researchers to investigate the effects of additional factors that may impact the original findings. A conditional variable is a type of situational variable, so this option is not separate from the others. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 19

The text states that the first step in establishing a study's importance is to establish its _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text states that the first step...

Question 20

Psychologists use which two of the following strategies to determine a study's replicability?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists use inferential statistics to determine if the results of a study are statistically significant and whether they can be generalized to the entire population. They also repeat the study to see if the results can be replicated in different settings, which helps to establish the study's reliability and replicability.

Quiz 13: Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World