Question 1

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic motivator?
A)Cleaning one's room because it feels good to do so
B)Doing a science project to win an award
C)Running for the love of running
D)Painting because it is enjoyable

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.Doing a science project to win an award is an example of an extrinsic motivator while cleaning one's room because it feels good to do so,running for the love of running,and painting because it is enjoyable are all examples of intrinsic motivators.

Question 2

Gus practices the violin because he really enjoys hearing himself play a difficult piece.Gus's practice is _____ motivated.
A)mastery
B)intrinsically
C)mindset
D)performance

Accepted Answer

The fact that Gus practices the violin because he enjoys hearing himself play a difficult piece indicates that Gus's violin practice is intrinsically motivated.Intrinsic motivation is based on internal factors such as self-determination,curiosity,challenge,and effort.

Question 3

Children with a helpless orientation often attribute their difficulty to:
A)bad luck.
B)uncaring adults.
C)poor efforts.
D)lack of ability.

Accepted Answer

When confronted with difficult or challenging circumstances children with a helpless orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty,and they attribute their difficulty to lack of ability.

Question 4

Carol has just started to acquire reading skills.Based on the available research,Carol's teacher is most likely to tell Carol's parents that the best way to teach her to read is through:
A)the whole-language approach.
B)learning two languages simultaneously.
C)direct instruction in phonological training.
D)listening to someone read to her.

Accepted Answer

An increasing number of experts in the field of reading now conclude that direct instruction in phonological training is a key aspect of learning to read.As such,Carol's teacher is likely to tell her parents to provide instruction in phonics to Carol in order to teach her to read.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best example of bilingual education in a U.S.school?
A)Ron's first language is English,and now he is taking a Spanish course in middle school.
B)Maria's first language is Spanish,so she has a teacher who speaks Spanish during some of her classes until Maria can learn more English.
C)Lynn's first language is English,and one of her teachers speaks in Spanish sometimes during class so the children can learn a little Spanish.
D)Ava has always studied in Spanish,and now she is taking an English course in middle school.

Accepted Answer

A current controversy related to bilingualism involves the millions of U.S.children who come from homes in which English is not the primary language.For such students,for the last two decades,the preferred strategy has been bilingual education,which teaches academic subjects to immigrant children in their native language while slowly teaching English.Refer to "Diversity in Children's Development."

Question 6

Amy is 6 years old and is playing the violin at a level equal to 15-year-olds.She enjoys learning but does not like to be told what to do.She has an ability to concentrate intensely.Amy is most likely:
A)autistic.
B)an average six-year-old.
C)gifted.
D)idiosyncratic.

Accepted Answer

Amy's precocity (an advanced ability to play violin),propensity to learn on her own,dislike of explicit instructions,and ability to concentrate intensely indicate that she is most likely gifted.

Question 7

Jerry and Kathy are told that their child has _____.After doing some research,they discover that this type of retardation involves no brain damage and results from the normal variation of intelligence in people combined with growing up in a below-average intellectual environment.
A)organic retardation
B)cultural-familial retardation
C)physical retardation
D)environmental retardation

Accepted Answer

That normal variation of intelligence in people combined with growing up in a below-average intellectual environment has caused the type of retardation that Jerry and Kathy's child has,indicates that their child has cultural-familial retardation.

Question 8

The _____ approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
A)metalinguistic
B)phonics
C)whole-language
D)language schematization

Accepted Answer

The phonics approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Question 9

Which of the following is true with regard to learning a second language?
A)Adults make slower initial progress but their eventual success is greater than that of children.
B)Children's ability to pronounce a second language correctly increases with age.
C)The way children and adults learn a second language differs somewhat.
D)Bilingualism has detrimental effects on concept formation,analytical reasoning,and cognitive flexibility.

Accepted Answer

Adults tend to learn a second language faster than children,but their final level of second-language attainment is not as high as children's.Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-language counterparts on tests of control of attention,concept formation,analytical reasoning,cognitive flexibility,and cognitive complexity.

Question 10

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ,usually below _____ on a traditional intelligence test,and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
A)100
B)90
C)80
D)70

Accepted Answer

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ,usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test,and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

Question 11

A child,who concentrates on learning strategies when faced with a difficulty or a challenge,is a child with a:
A)helpless orientation.
B)mastery orientation.
C)neutral mindset.
D)high extrinsic motivation.

Accepted Answer

Children often show two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances.Individuals who display mastery motivation are task-oriented;instead of focusing on their ability,they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator?
A)Studying hard to avoid parental disapproval
B)Running to catch a bus
C)Learning something out of curiosity
D)Completing a painting to win a trophy

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation is based on internal factors such as self-determination,curiosity,challenge,and effort.

Question 13

Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about language,such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language?
A)Whole-language awareness
B)Superlinguistic awareness
C)Metalinguistic awareness
D)Critical language awareness

Accepted Answer

Metalinguistic awareness is knowledge about language,such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language.

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?
A)Emotional contagion
B)Self-efficacy
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Emotional labor

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy,the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes,is an important cognitive view for children to develop.
Short Answer Questions

Question 15

When faced with a difficult series of tasks,Juan says,"I doubt my ability to perform these." Juan demonstrates _____.
A)a performance block
B)cognitive monitoring
C)a helpless orientation
D)contextual intelligence

Accepted Answer

When confronted with a difficult series of tasks,Juan seems trapped by the experience of difficulty and attributes his difficulty to lack of ability.In doing so,he is demonstrating a helpless orientation.

Question 16

When teaching reading,the whole-language approach stresses that:
A)reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
B)phonetics is the most important component in learning to read a language.
C)children should be able to write a language before they are able to read it.
D)learning a foreign language helps students learn their own language.

Accepted Answer

The whole-language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning.In contrast,the phonics approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Question 17

Children's ability to pronounce words with a nativelike accent in a second language typically decreases with age,with an especially sharp drop occurring after the age of about:
A)1 to 4.
B)4 to 7.
C)7 to 10.
D)10 to 12.

Accepted Answer

Children's ability to pronounce words with a nativelike accent in a second language typically decreases with age,with an especially sharp drop occurring after the age of about 10 to 12.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of gifted people?
A)They tend to be less mature than an average person.
B)They have fewer emotional problems than others.
C)They are socially maladjusted.
D)They have some type of mild mental disorder.

Accepted Answer

Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be more mature than others,have fewer emotional problems than others,and grow up in a positive family climate.No relation has been found between giftedness and mental disorder or between giftedness and difficulties in social adjustment.

Question 19

Organic retardation is caused by:
A)an impoverished intellectual environment.
B)undernourishment during childhood.
C)a genetic disorder or brain damage.
D)traumatic experiences in early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Organic retardation is mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or by brain damage;the word organic refers to the tissues or organs of the body and indicate physical damage.

Question 20

Children with above-average intelligence-an IQ of 130 or higher-and/or a superior talent for something are called:
A)genius.
B)creative.
C)mastery oriented.
D)gifted.

Accepted Answer

Children who are gifted have above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher)and/or superior talent for something.

Quiz 12: Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic motivator?

Gus practices the violin because he really enjoys hearing himself play a difficult piece.Gus's practice is _____ motivated.

Children with a helpless orientation often attribute their difficulty to:

Carol has just started to acquire reading skills.Based on the available research,Carol's teacher is most likely to tell Carol's parents that the best way to teach her to read is through:

Which of the following is the best example of bilingual education in a U.S.school?

Amy is 6 years old and is playing the violin at a level equal to 15-year-olds.She enjoys learning but does not like to be told what to do.She has an ability to concentrate intensely.Amy is most likely:

Jerry and Kathy are told that their child has _____.After doing some research,they discover that this type of retardation involves no brain damage and results from the normal variation of intelligence in people combined with growing up in a below-average intellectual environment.

The _____ approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Which of the following is true with regard to learning a second language?

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ,usually below _____ on a traditional intelligence test,and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

A child,who concentrates on learning strategies when faced with a difficulty or a challenge,is a child with a:

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator?

Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about language,such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language?

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

When faced with a difficult series of tasks,Juan says,"I doubt my ability to perform these." Juan demonstrates _____.

When teaching reading,the whole-language approach stresses that:

Children's ability to pronounce words with a nativelike accent in a second language typically decreases with age,with an especially sharp drop occurring after the age of about:

Which of the following is a characteristic of gifted people?

Organic retardation is caused by:

Children with above-average intelligence-an IQ of 130 or higher-and/or a superior talent for something are called: