Question 1

At Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning,the individual recognizes alternative moral courses,explores the options,and then decides on a personal moral code.

Accepted Answer

Postconventional reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.At this level,the individual recognizes alternative moral courses,explores the options,and then decides on a personal moral code.

Question 2

A person evaluates the degree to which actual laws preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values at Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Social contract or utility and individual rights represents the fifth Kohlberg stage.At this stage,individuals reason that values,rights,and principles undergird or transcend the law.A person evaluates the validity of actual laws,and social systems can be examined in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.

Question 3

Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively,it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.This is an example of a moral judgment based on Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Social systems morality is the fourth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.At this stage,moral judgments are based on understanding the social order,law,justice,and duty.For example,adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively,it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.

Question 4

Melanie loves art class and she usually gets very good grades from her fifth grade art teacher,Annette Atkins.Annette recently recommended Melanie's name for an interschool art competition that she is sure Melanie can win.Melanie,who is usually confident,is experiencing feelings of anxiety ahead of the competition.She is also preparing for the competition and envisioning herself win the prize to make her parents proud.This represents Melanie's capacity to understand:

Accepted Answer

Emotional development undergoes many changes during the middle and late childhood years.Elementary school children develop an increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

Question 5

Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie.Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Phyllis is operating at Kohlberg's second stage (individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange)of moral reasoning.At this stage,individuals reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do,but they let others do the same.Thus,they think that what is right involves an equal exchange.They reason that if they are nice to others,others will be nice to them in return.

Question 6

_____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Postconventional reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 7

Critics argue that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development places too much emphasis on _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.Moral reasons can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.Corrupt CEOs and politicians endorse the loftiest of moral virtues in public before their own behavior is exposed.

Question 8

In which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning,do trust,caring,and loyalty serve as bases of moral judgments?

Accepted Answer

Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity represent Kohlberg's third stage of moral development.At this stage,individuals value trust,caring,and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments.

Question 9

Cynthia,a fourth grader,detests having to eat vegetables and recently,her mother caught her throwing away her lunch in the trash.Since this incident,Cynthia has been forcing herself to eat whatever food she is given,not because she understands that it is healthy for her,but because she is scared that her mother will announce another time out. This is an example of Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of Kohlberg's heteronomous morality stage of moral reasoning wherein children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience.

Question 10

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A 20-year longitudinal investigation found that the moral stages appeared somewhat later than Kohlberg initially envisioned,and reasoning at the higher stages,especially stage 6,was rare.

Question 11

The care perspective of moral development was proposed by _____.

Accepted Answer

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan,who argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects a gender bias.According to Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others that Gilligan refers to as the care perspective.

Question 12

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

Accepted Answer

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan,who argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects a gender bias.According to Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making moral decisions.

Question 13

In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage,good and bad are interpreted in terms of _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg proposed that there are three levels of moral thinking,each of which is characterized by two stages.Preconventional reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning which involves good and bad being interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments.

Question 14

This of the following represents the determinants of morality in the sixth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Universal ethical principles represent the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.At this stage,the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights.When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,the person reasons that conscience should be followed,even though the decision might bring risk.

Question 15

Which of the followings statements is true with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A key concept in understanding children's progression through the levels and stages of Kohlberg's theory is that their morality becomes more internal or mature.That is,children's reasons for their moral decisions or values begin to go beyond the external or superficial reasons they gave when they were younger.

Question 16

Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents and he responded by saying that "Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using _____ morality in this situation.

Accepted Answer

Universal ethical principles represent the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.At this stage,the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights.When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,the person reasons that conscience should be followed,even though the decision might bring risk.

Question 17

Which of the following is a feature of social conventional reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Social conventional reasoning focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.The rules themselves are arbitrary.Unlike conventional rules,moral rules are not arbitrary.Moral rules are called so because violation of these rules affronts ethical standards that exist apart from social consensus and convention.Moral judgments involve concepts of justice,whereas social conventional judgments are concepts of social organization.

Question 18

Cybil is about to deliver a baby.Her husband,Bruce,is driving to the hospital at 80 miles per hour.Their son Will says,"Daddy,don't go that fast,you might get caught and sent to prison." From which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is Will making this statement?

Accepted Answer

Will is using Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning.Preconventional reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning.At this level,good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments.

Question 19

Candice is presented with a moral dilemma.She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that people will not think badly of that person.Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level of moral development.At this level,individuals apply certain standards,but they are the standards set by others,such as parents or the government.

Question 20

According to William Damon,sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by _____.

Accepted Answer

William Damon described how sharing develops.By the start of the elementary school years,children begin to express objective ideas about fairness.It is common to hear 6-year-old children use the word fair as synonymous with equal or same.

Quiz 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood