Question 1

Manipulative actions by police interviewers that are designed to pressure suspects to divulge information and that are based on subtle forms of intimidation and control is known as:

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question matches the concept of psychological manipulation, which involves using techniques such as manipulation of emotions, social influence, and cognitive distortions to extract information from suspects. Interrogation is a broader term that includes various techniques used during police questioning, while inherent coercion refers to the coercion that arises from the power imbalance between the interviewer and the suspect. Interviewing is a general term used to refer to a conversation between two or more people for the purpose of gathering information.

Question 2

Law enforcement officers may conduct a search or seize evidence when they believe they are operating according to the dictates of the law,and if later discover that a mistake was made,the evidence they find can still be used in court.Which exception to the exclusionary rule is this?

Accepted Answer

This exception is known as the Good Faith exception, which states that evidence obtained by law enforcement officers during a search or seizure conducted in good faith and with an honest belief that they were acting according to the law can still be used in court, even if there was a mistake or error made during the process.

Question 3

The lawful seizure,acquisition,analysis,reporting,and safeguarding of data from digital devices that may contain information of evidentiary value to the trier of fact in criminal events is known as:

Accepted Answer

Digital criminal forensics involves the lawful seizure, acquisition, analysis, reporting, and safeguarding of data from digital devices for evidentiary purposes in criminal investigations.

Question 4

The ____________ holds that evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used in a trial.

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule is a legal principle that provides that evidence obtained illegally must be excluded from trial. This rule was established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1914 in the case of Weeks v. United States and was later applied to state criminal trials in the 1961 case of Mapp v. Ohio. The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter police misconduct and protect the constitutional rights of defendants.

Question 5

One of the most problematic types of searches facing police departments today is:

Accepted Answer

Body-cavity searches are highly intrusive and can raise significant legal and ethical issues, making them one of the most problematic types of searches for police departments.

Question 6

In 2013,U.S.officials announced that they would question 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev,the surviving Boston Marathon bomber,before reading him his Miranda rights.What exception to the Miranda ruling allowed them to conduct the interview?

Accepted Answer

The Public Safety exception allows law enforcement officials to question a suspect without reading them their Miranda rights if they believe there is an immediate threat to public safety. In the case of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, officials invoked this exception because they believed there may be other bombs or threats in the area, and they needed to quickly gather information to ensure the safety of the public.

Question 7

The Bill of Rights is the popular name given to the first ________ amendments to the U.S.Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The Bill of Rights refers to the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which were added in 1791 to protect individual liberties from potential abuse by the federal government.

Question 8

Which Supreme Court case has become the basis for a brief "stop and frisk" based on a reasonable suspicion?

Accepted Answer

In Terry v. Ohio, the Supreme Court established that a police officer may briefly stop and frisk an individual based on a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is occurring or about to occur. This has become known as a "Terry stop" and has been the basis for the "stop and frisk" policy used by law enforcement in various situations.

Question 9

The U.S.Supreme Court decided in Illinois v.Perkins that:

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court decided in Illinois v. Perkins that inmates freely talking to an undercover officer posing as an inmate are not protected by Miranda. This means that anything they say can be used against them in court without a Miranda warning. The decision did not address the other choices listed.

Question 10

Evidence of relevance to a criminal investigation that is not readily seen by the unaided eye is called:

Accepted Answer

Latent evidence is evidence that cannot be seen with the unaided eye and requires special processing or techniques to reveal it. It could include fingerprints, DNA, or other physical evidence left behind at a crime scene. The other answer choices, such as illegal evidence or interrogations, are not relevant to the definition of evidence that is not readily seen. Digital electronic evidence may or may not be visible without aid, so it is not the best choice for this question.

Question 11

Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the:

Accepted Answer

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from self-incrimination and double jeopardy, while the Protection Clause refers to the guarantee of equal protection under the law. The Equality Statute is not a commonly referenced legal term.

Question 12

_______________ exists when a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime.

Accepted Answer

Probable cause is the legal standard used by police officers and prosecutors to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify an arrest, search, or seizure. It requires a reasonable basis for believing that a crime has been committed and that the person being accused is the one responsible for it. This standard is intended to protect individual rights and prevent law enforcement from making arbitrary or unjustified decisions.

Question 13

A legal term describing the ready visibility of objects that might be seized as evidence during a search by police in the absence of a search warrant specifying the seizure of those objects is known as the:

Accepted Answer

The term describing the ready visibility of objects that might be seized as evidence during a search by police in the absence of a search warrant specifying the seizure of those objects is known as the Plain view doctrine. This legal doctrine allows police officers to seize objects that are in plain view during a lawful search or arrest, without obtaining a search warrant specifically for those objects. The objects must be immediately apparent and the officer must have a lawful right of access to the object.

Question 14

The information gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects is known as:

Accepted Answer

Interrogation is the specific activity of police officers that involves direct questioning of suspects in order to gather information related to an ongoing investigation. Search and seizure is a separate activity that involves the collection of physical evidence. "Fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine" refers to the legal principle that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used against a defendant in court. Reasonable suspicion refers to a standard of evidence that allows police officers to make brief detentions or searches of individuals if they have a reasonable belief that criminal activity is occurring.

Question 15

Which famous 1966 U.S.Supreme Court case required that criminal suspects be read their rights prior to being questioned by the police while in custody?

Accepted Answer

Miranda v. Arizona established that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent and their right to have an attorney present during police interrogation, commonly known as "Miranda rights."

Question 16

Which 1960s U.S.Supreme Court dramatically changed the day-to-day practice of American policing?

Accepted Answer

The Warren Court, which sat from 1953-1969, issued several landmark decisions that dramatically changed the day-to-day practice of American policing. These decisions included Mapp v. Ohio, which applied the exclusionary rule to state courts, and Miranda v. Arizona, which established the famous Miranda warning that police officers must give to suspects before questioning them. These decisions significantly expanded the rights of criminal defendants and placed new limits on police power.

Question 17

The first significant U.S.Supreme Court case involving motor vehicles is:

Accepted Answer

Carroll v. U.S. (1925) established the "automobile exception" to the Fourth Amendment's search warrant requirement. This ruling allowed for warrantless searches of motor vehicles if there is probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity or contraband. This case set a precedent for how law enforcement could approach searches and seizures of motor vehicles, and it continues to impact the way vehicle searches are conducted today.

Question 18

What are the three types of due process rights guaranteed to all U.S.citizens?

Accepted Answer

The three types of due process rights guaranteed to all U.S. citizens are search and seizure, arrest, and interrogation. Option A is incorrect as interviewing is not considered a due process right. Option C is incorrect as exclusionary rule is not a due process right but rather a legal principle that excludes evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights. Option D is incorrect as warrant arrest is not a separate due process right but falls under the right to arrest.

Question 19

Which Supreme Court ruling applied the principles,regarding the exclusionary rule,developed in Weeks v.U.S.to trials in state courts?

Accepted Answer

Mapp v. Ohio established the application of the exclusionary rule to trials in state courts, extending the protections of the Fourth Amendment to all American citizens, regardless of whether they were facing federal or state charges.

Question 20

A warrantless search of an arrested individual conducted to ensure the safety of the arresting officer is permitted:

Accepted Answer

A warrantless search incident to an arrest is permitted to ensure the safety of the arresting officer, as well as to prevent the arrested individual from destroying evidence or obtaining a weapon. This exception allows for a limited search of the person and the immediate surrounding area. It can be conducted without a warrant and regardless of whether Miranda warnings have been given or the exclusionary rule applies.

Quiz 7: Policing: Legal Aspects