Question 1

Ten-year-old Elisa has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for grocery shopping. Which is the most likely example of her shopping script?

Accepted Answer

Elisa's shopping script likely involves a sequence of actions typical for a child, such as entering the store, seeing candy, begging for it, and having a parent buy it.

Question 2

Which is true regarding the development of learning and memory in children?

Accepted Answer

As children grow older and their brains mature, their information-processing capacity increases, allowing them to more effectively encode and retrieve memories. Additionally, older children are likely to have developed more advanced memorization strategies through experience and exposure to academic content.

Question 3

Four-year-old Barnum goes to the circus and sees animals that he has never seen before. When asked about the event a year later, Barnum is most likely to recall

Accepted Answer

Four-year-olds are still developing their memory and are likely to remember the general essence or "gist" of an event rather than the specific details or verbatim account. It is also unlikely for a child to completely forget going to a circus, hence option D can be eliminated. Option C, only remembering the linguistically coded parts, is too specific and not supported by the given information.

Question 4

The text noted that one information-processing-based explanation for infantile amnesia focuses on the lack of space in infant and toddler's _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text noted that one information-processing-based explanation...

Question 5

An autobiographical memory is a memory for

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to memories of one's own personal experiences, such as events, emotions, and people from the past. It is not related to events that occurred before one's conception or future possible events in one's life, and is distinct from memories of other people's lives.

Question 6

Why can't a lack of language be used to fully account for infantile amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia includes the inability to recall non-verbal information like faces, which cannot be fully accounted for by a lack of language skills alone.

Question 7

Eight-year-old Hawthorne has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for a visit to the doctor's office. Which is the most likely example of her doctor's office script?

Accepted Answer

The script for a doctor's visit is most likely to involve actions and events that are typical for a doctor's visit, such as entering the clinic, seeing the doctor, and getting a shot. Option A includes these elements, making it the most likely example of Hawthorne's doctor's office script. Options B, C, and D are less likely because they do not relate directly to a typical doctor's visit.

Question 8

Which is the best example of an autobiographical memory?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory involves memories that are related to personal experiences and events. Recalling a heated argument with a family member at a significant event (such as a wedding) is a clear example of autobiographical memory.

Question 9

In comparing memory capabilities in children who were experts at chess with the memories of adults who weren't, Chi (1978) tested both groups on memory of location of chess pieces and on ability to remember sequences of digits. She found that the

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, Chi found that children who were experts at chess did better on memory of chess pieces compared to adults who weren't experts at chess. However, there is no information provided about the children's memory of sequences of digits. Therefore, we can eliminate choices A and D. Option B contradicts the findings of the study. Hence, C is the best choice.

Question 10

The key to the "fuzzy trace" theory of infantile amnesia is the belief that _____ is/are stored separately in memory.

Accepted Answer

According to the "fuzzy trace" theory, verbatim (specific details) and general accounts of events are stored separately in memory. This can help explain why infants may only retain general memories of events, rather than specific details.

Question 11

Childhood or infantile amnesia is defined as the inability to access _____ memories.

Accepted Answer

Childhood or infantile amnesia relates to the inability to access autobiographical memories, which include personal experiences that occurred during early childhood. This type of memory loss does not necessarily include traumatic or insignificant memories, and it is not related to meta-cognitive processes.

Question 12

Which statement is true regarding the development of learning and memory in children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is true regarding the development...

Question 13

Ten-year-old Conrad has difficulty remembering anything that happened between his birth and his second birthday. Conrad is most likely

Accepted Answer

It is normal for individuals to have difficulty in recalling memories from their early years of life. This is known as childhood amnesia and is a common phenomenon experienced by most adults. Therefore, Conrad's situation is most likely normal.

Question 14

While daydreaming in her physics class, Dorothy recalls the day the tornado hit her farmhouse last summer. Dorothy's recollection is best classified as a(n) _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Dorothy's recollection involves a personal experience from her own life, making it an autobiographical memory. Sensory memories are brief and relate to our senses, while explicit memories involve conscious recollection of facts and events. "Meta-" is a prefix meaning "beyond," and is not applicable in this context.

Question 15

The key to a memory script is that it

Accepted Answer

A memory script represents a typical sequence of events, such as the steps involved in making a cup of coffee or going grocery shopping. It serves as a mental framework for organizing and remembering related information. Unlike a "fuzzy trace" which is a more general concept referring to the idea that our memories are not exact replicas of the events we experience and may contain some inaccuracies or omissions, a memory script is a specific type of memory structure. Mental rehearsal can be used to strengthen and consolidate memory scripts in long-term storage.

Question 16

How can a mother's interactions with a toddler result in that child growing into an adolescent with stronger autobiographical memories?

Accepted Answer

A mother's interactions with a toddler that involve conversations about events in the toddler's life can enhance the child's memory. This is known as elaborative reminiscing, where the mother encourages the child to recall details about events and asks open-ended questions to help the child develop a rich, detailed memory of the event. This skill can transfer to adolescence and result in stronger autobiographical memories. Avoiding contaminating the child's memory (option A) is also important, but it alone cannot result in stronger autobiographical memories. Focusing exclusively on praise (option C) is not necessary for enhancing memory. Option D (She can't) is not true, as parental interactions can have a significant impact on the development of autobiographical memory.

Question 17

If Travis is a typical college student, he would have the HARDEST time accurately recalling the

Accepted Answer

Travis was only a year old when his father passed away, so it's unlikely that he has any personal recollection or memories of the event.

Question 18

The best model for explaining recall memory in children includes the factors of

Accepted Answer

The best model for explaining recall memory in children includes the interplay of basic capacities (such as attention and working memory), metamemory (knowledge and awareness of one's own memory processes), and strategies (such as organization and elaboration). This combination of factors allows for a comprehensive understanding of how children remember information.

Question 19

Bon is trying to explain why his four-year-old son, Jovi, cannot recall what happened at an exciting rock concert they attended two years ago. In doing so, Bon says, "Jovi kind of recalls being at some event with a lot of people and singing, but he has no recollection for any details of the concert." Bon's description best matches the _____ theory of childhood amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The description provided by Bon suggests that Jovi has a general sense of the experience (being at an event with a lot of people and singing) but has no memory for specific details. This matches the fuzzy-trace theory which proposes that gist or general meaning is retained in long-term memory while specific details are lost.

Question 20

The Chi (1978) study on memory for chess pieces indicated that when recalling information in their area of expertise, expert children perform

Accepted Answer

The Chi (1978) study found that expert children recalled chess piece arrangements better than novice adults or novice children. Therefore, they performed better than the novice adults, so choice A is correct.

Quiz 8: Memory and Information Processing