Question 1

Name the two strategic methods that scientists are using to sequence genomes.

Accepted Answer

clone-by-clone method and shotgun cloning

Question 2

What is the typical gene density per kilobase in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes typically have a high gene density, with about 1 gene per kilobase of DNA. This reflects their compact genomes, where non-coding regions are minimal compared to eukaryotes.

Question 3

A bacterial polygenic transcription unit ________.

Accepted Answer

A polygenic transcription unit contains information for more than one protein product.

Question 4

The term paralog is often used in conjunction with discussions of hemoglobin genes.What does this term mean,and how does it apply to hemoglobin genes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term paralog is often used in...

Question 5

The Human Genome Project,which got under way in 1990,is an international effort to ________.

Accepted Answer

The Human Genome Project's main goal was to determine the sequence of the DNA that makes up the human genome and to identify all the genes within it. This project was a collaborative effort between scientists from several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China.

Question 6

Proteomics is the ________.

Accepted Answer

Proteomics is the study of the complete set of proteins encoded by a genome, including their structures and functions. It involves techniques to identify, characterize, and quantify the entire protein complement of a cell, tissue, or organism. The goal of proteomics is to understand the roles of proteins in biological systems, and to use this information to develop new drugs, diagnostics, and therapies. Harvesting proteins from a cell to determine their economic value (B) is not a common use of proteomics, and is more related to biotechnology or industrial applications. Manipulation of amino acid sequences in proteins to alter their function (C) is a specific type of protein engineering, which may involve genetic or chemical modifications of the protein structure. Similarly, changing the terminal sequences of proteins to alter their function (D) is also a type of protein engineering that may involve modifications to the N- or C-termini of the protein. Rational design of drugs based on protein structure (E) is a related field to proteomics, but it involves using structural information of proteins to design drugs that specifically target their active sites or binding pockets.

Question 7

What is ELSI?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is ELSI?...

Question 8

In general,the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes.In E.coli,approximately 27 percent of all genes are organized into contiguous,functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinate control that are transcribed as a single unit.Such contiguous gene families are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The contiguous gene families in bacteria that are transcribed as a single unit under coordinate control are called operons. Option A, transcriptomes, refers to the entire set of transcripts that are produced by a cell or organism. Option B, proteomes, refers to the complete set of proteins expressed by a cell or organism. Option C, contigs, are contiguous sequences of DNA that are determined by sequencing and assembly techniques. Option E, pseudogenes, are non-functional copies of genes that have accumulated mutations over time.

Question 9

What is meant by the term pseudogene?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by the term pseudogene?...

Question 10

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain internal sequences,called ________,that get removed in the mature message.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic...

Question 11

The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes,yet it has the capacity to produce several hundred thousand gene products.What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing is the process by which a single pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways to produce different mRNA molecules, leading to different protein products. This process increases the diversity of the gene products that can be produced from a given gene.

Question 12

What is one major limitation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE)?

Accepted Answer

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) has a limitation in which it only detects the most abundant products. This means that lower abundance proteins are often missed, leading to an incomplete understanding of the sample being analyzed.

Question 13

Most of the bacterial genomes described in the text have fewer than ________.

Accepted Answer

Most bacterial genomes have fewer than 10,000 genes, reflecting the relatively compact nature of bacterial genomes compared to those of eukaryotes.

Question 14

Intron frequency varies considerably among eukaryotes.Provide a general comparison of intron frequencies in yeast and humans.What about intron size?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Intron frequency varies considerably among eukaryotes.Provide a...

Question 15

What is meant by the term low gene density? Give an example of an organism with low gene density.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by the term low...

Question 16

Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes,bacterial chromosomes are ________.

Accepted Answer

Bacterial chromosomes are typically small and have a high gene density, with most genes organized in single gene transcription units without introns. This is in contrast to eukaryotic chromosomes, which are larger, often organized in polygenic transcription units, and contain introns.

Question 17

Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes,eukaryotic chromosomes are ________.

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic chromosomes are large, linear, less densely packed with protein-coding genes and mainly organized in single gene transcription units with introns. This is in contrast to prokaryotic chromosomes which are smaller and mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns.

Question 18

Numerous scientists around the world have proposed to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years.What is the name of this plan?

Accepted Answer

The name of the plan to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years is Genome 10K.

Question 19

What appears to be the range of the number of protein-coding genes per genome in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What appears to be the range of...

Question 20

Which two factors contribute significantly to the wide ranges of genome size among eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which two factors contribute significantly to the...

Quiz 21: Genomics, bioinformatics, and Proteomics