Question 1

If a six-month old infant could speak,what would it say to confirm the presence of memory in a habituation experiment?

Accepted Answer

Habituation occurs when the infant becomes bored with a repeated stimulus and stops showing interest in it. If the infant says "who cares? I've seen this thing before" it would confirm that they have memory of the previous presentation of the stimulus and are experiencing habituation. The other choices do not necessarily confirm the presence of memory or habituation.

Question 2

Who will first begin to have difficulty playing the word game Scrabble?

Accepted Answer

As a person ages, their cognitive abilities tend to decline, including memory and processing speed. Scrabble requires both of these skills, making it more likely that an 88-year-old like Stephen will begin to have difficulty playing the game.

Question 3

Pablo is 75 and participating in a research project that requires him to perform complex tests of memory and recall.Compared to the cohort of college students also participating in the study,Pablo's performance is more easily ________.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their cognitive functions, including memory and recall, can become more susceptible to disruption or fragmentation. This means that older adults like Pablo may find it more challenging to perform complex memory tasks consistently compared to younger individuals, such as college students, whose cognitive functions are typically more robust.

Question 4

The responses obtained by researchers who repeated the use of directed questions demonstrates that the eyewitness memories of young children can be ________.

Accepted Answer

The repetition of directed questions can manipulate the memories of young children. Therefore, choice C, "manipulated," is the best answer. Choices A, B, and D are not as appropriate because the question is addressing the potential harm or influence of directed questioning on young children's memory recall rather than the trustworthiness or accuracy of their memories.

Question 5

In terms of biological factors,children's ability to ________ information improves due to maturation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

The ability to consolidate or retain information improves due to the maturation of the hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in forming and storing long-term memories. Encoding refers to the process of initially acquiring and processing new information, while manipulating and retrieving information involve other brain areas. The medulla and hypothalamus are primarily involved in basic bodily processes such as breathing and regulating the autonomic nervous system, respectively. The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions and fear responses.

Question 6

Which of the following becomes less important to memory retrieval when children reach age 2?

Accepted Answer

Exposure cues become less important as children develop more advanced memory retrieval strategies and rely more on language and cognitive skills.

Question 7

Which of the following best reflects Siegler's overlapping waves theory of problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

According to Siegler's overlapping waves theory, problem-solving involves a continuous process of learning new strategies, testing them out, and dropping ineffective strategies. This ongoing process of learning and adaptation allows individuals to efficiently and effectively solve problems across a variety of contexts. Therefore, the best choice that reflects the theory is C, where learning, testing, and dropping strategies are emphasized.

Question 8

Although her friend Bella is taking college classes at age 70,Joan regularly tells herself that she is too old for such activity and that her memory is like a bucket full of holes.How does Joan's memory function compare to Bella's?

Accepted Answer

Based on the information given, Joan regularly tells herself that her memory is like a bucket full of holes, implying that she has difficulty retaining and recalling information. On the other hand, Bella is taking college classes at age 70, indicating that she has higher cognitive functioning and better memory retention than Joan. Therefore, Joan's memory function is likely to be 30 percent less compared to Bella's.

Question 9

In a school department focus group of 10 high school seniors,how many said that they are actively aware of memory strategies they use to aid their academic performance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a school department focus group of...

Question 10

Rovee-Collier's ribbon experiment demonstrated the value of which memory strategy that is valid for adults?

Accepted Answer

Rovee-Collier's ribbon experiment demonstrated the concept of distributed practice, which involves spacing out practice sessions rather than massing them together. This strategy has been shown to improve memory retention and retrieval for adults.

Question 11

From a biological perspective,children's ability to ________ information improves due to maturation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of From a biological perspective,children's ability to ________...

Question 12

Deliberating a verdict for a defendant accused of pedophilia,the jury is discussing whether the attorneys' questioning of the potential child victims was ________ in order to accept their eyewitness testimony as trustworthy.

Accepted Answer

Open-ended questions are preferred in such contexts because they allow the child to provide their own account without being led or influenced, which helps in ensuring the testimony is trustworthy.

Question 13

Dr.Boschetto teaches chemistry at an elite prep school.Compared to his students,Dr.Boschetto's knowledge base and memory strategies would be considered more ________.

Accepted Answer

As a teacher of a specialized subject in an elite prep school, Dr. Boschetto would need to have an organized and specialized knowledge base and memory strategies to effectively teach his students. Option A, which suggests both structure and rigidity, may not be entirely appropriate because being too rigid could hinder a teacher's ability to adapt to different learning styles. Freeform and volatile strategies (Option B) may not be effective in a classroom setting as they lack structure and consistency. Option C, optimized and overlapped, may not apply as there is no mention of overlapping knowledge or optimization.

Question 14

Which of the following terms best describes the advanced memory capabilities of an expert?

Accepted Answer

Domain-specific memory refers to the ability of experts to remember large amounts of information within their area of expertise. This knowledge is organized and interconnected, allowing experts to quickly access and apply it in a variety of contexts. Cross-functional memory would imply expertise in multiple domains, context-neutral memory would mean the ability to remember information out of context, and time-dependent memory would refer to the influence of time on memory retrieval. None of these options fully capture the advanced memory capabilities of an expert.

Question 15

When he was young,Ivan was able to juggle only a couple things in his working memory.But now that he's older he can manage many more bits of information at one time.What has enabled Ivan's working memory to become more productive and efficient?

Accepted Answer

More myelin enables faster neural communication, which improves working memory capacity and efficiency.

Question 16

Nine-year-old Rory is digging deep into his bag of strategies to remember something.For him to make this effort,the information must be ________.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Rory is digging deep into his bag of strategies suggests that he is making a deliberate effort to remember something. The fact that he is doing this suggests that the information must be relevant to him in some way. Thus, D (relevant) is the best choice. A (difficult) might also be a possible answer, but there is nothing in the prompt to suggest that the information is difficult, just that Rory is putting forth effort to remember it. B (emotional) and C (actionable) are not supported by the prompt at all.

Question 17

An electrician trying to figure out the wiring in an old house will use a different cognitive approach than a rock climber trying to figure out how to scale a difficult cliff.This demonstrates the influence of ________ on problem solving processes.

Accepted Answer

The concept of domain refers to the specific type of problem-solving task or situation that a person is facing. In this case, the electrician and the rock climber are operating in different domains (i.e. electrical wiring vs. rock climbing), which requires different approaches to problem-solving.

Question 18

Julia is reminiscing with her daughter in the garden of the nursing home where she has lived since age 72.Which of the following events will Julia have the most detailed memory of?

Accepted Answer

Graduating with honors from college is a significant milestone in one's life and often stands out as a vivid memory, especially if it was an accomplishment that was particularly important to them.

Question 19

Who will first begin to notice declines in their memory capabilities?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who will first begin to notice declines...

Question 20

Now that Roscoe is in high school,he has many more memory strategies to draw upon.Which of the following strategies has Roscoe recently refined?

Accepted Answer

Elaboration is a memory strategy that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge or experiences. This is a more advanced memory strategy compared to rehearsal and chunking, which Roscoe may have already mastered in middle school. Perseveration, on the other hand, is the repetition of the same response despite changes in the stimulus or task requirements, and is not a memory strategy.

Quiz 8: Memory and Information Processing