Question 1

Children who are high in self-esteem tend to have parents who

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that parents who have a warm and democratic parenting style, meaning they are involved, responsive, and encourage independence and decision-making skills in their children, tend to raise children with higher self-esteem. Option A is incorrect as children with too much freedom and few rules tend to have lower self-esteem as they may feel insecure and unguided. Option B is incorrect as making decisions for their children can result in children lacking confidence and feeling incapable of decision-making. Option D is incorrect as discipline is necessary for teaching children appropriate behavior and social skills.

Question 2

As a typical three-year-old,when asked about his self-concept,Rashid's answer would most likely be,

Accepted Answer

At the age of three, children typically have a very concrete self-concept, meaning that they focus primarily on observable characteristics. Therefore, Rashid's response would likely be related to a physical characteristic such as size, rather than more abstract concepts like intelligence or personality traits.

Question 3

Rosa is 16 years old and her sister Yasmin is nine.In terms of their self-perceptions,research would suggest that

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that as children enter adolescence (age 12-18), they become more self-aware and introspective, and are better able to understand how others perceive them. Therefore, Rosa, being 16 years old, would have a higher level of self-awareness compared to Yasmin, who is only nine years old. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Rosa's self-description would be more based on physical attributes or less abstract than Yasmin's, or that she would have a less differentiated self than Yasmin.

Question 4

Who is most likely to experience a decrease in self-esteem in early adolescence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to experience a...

Question 5

One-year-old Takumi loves interacting with his peers.A developmental theorist would most likely describe Takumi as being high on the _____ dimension of temperament.

Accepted Answer

The dimension of temperament that describes a child's tendency to be active, vocal, and social is known as surgency. Takumi's love for interacting with his peers indicates that he is high on this dimension.

Question 6

Which question best exemplifies the identity and role confusion conflict?

Accepted Answer

Question A, "What kind of moral values do I have?" best exemplifies the identity and role confusion conflict as it directly relates to an individual's search for personal beliefs and values, which is a core aspect of forming one's identity.

Question 7

Which statement would indicate that an individual has a high level of surgency?

Accepted Answer

A high level of surgency, also known as extraversion, is characterized by being outgoing, sociable, and enjoying social interactions. Option B expresses excitement and positivity towards meeting people, which is indicative of high surgency.

Question 8

Sitting under a tree after school one day,Justin says to himself,"I should be smarter,less afraid of taking chances,and good at biology." These thoughts best represent Justin's

Accepted Answer

Justin's thoughts about what he should be suggest his aspirations and goals for himself, which align with his ideal self. His thoughts reflect his desired qualities and skills, rather than his current temperament or self-recognition, and are not related to joint attention.

Question 9

Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control involves the ability to regulate one's responses, including shifting attention and inhibiting impulses. Being able to quickly shift attention from one topic to another is a sign of high effortful control.

Question 10

While Madison has always thought of herself as the best dancer in the world,she has just begun to notice that some of the other kids in her class are better than her.This realization indicates that Madison has begun to engage in

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the process of comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate one's own abilities or traits. In this scenario, Madison's realization that some of her classmates are better dancers than her indicates that she is engaging in social comparison. Option A (behavioral inhibition) refers to a tendency to be cautious or inhibited in new or potentially threatening situations. Option C (disengagement) refers to withdrawing or detaching oneself from a situation or activity. Option D (joint attention) refers to the ability to share focus on an object or activity with another individual. None of these options accurately describe Madison's situation.

Question 11

The _____ identity status would best be described as "no conflict,no crisis,and no clue."

Accepted Answer

The description "no conflict, no crisis, and no clue" is most indicative of the diffusion identity status, where the individual has not yet explored any options and has not committed to any particular identity.

Question 12

The period of experimenting with different roles that is so common during adolescence is referred to as the _____ period.

Accepted Answer

The period of experimenting with different roles during adolescence is referred to as the moratorium period. This is a stage where individuals explore different possibilities and options before committing to one specific role or identity. The foreclosure period refers to a stage where individuals have committed to a role or identity without exploring other options, while joint attention and temperament do not refer to this specific stage of development.

Question 13

In most settings,an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation.However,in times of famine,infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments.This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcomes.

Accepted Answer

This finding emphasizes the importance of goodness-of-fit, which refers to the match between a child's temperament and the demands and expectations of their environment. In times of famine, infants with difficult temperaments may be better suited to the harsh conditions than those with easy temperaments, leading to better adaptive outcomes.

Question 14

Goodness-of-fit is best defined as

Accepted Answer

Goodness-of-fit refers to the extent to which a child's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of their social environment. It is a measure of how well the child and their environment "fit" together and can impact a child's development, behavior, and relationships.

Question 15

According to James Marcia,adolescent identity can be classified into one of four statuses that are based on the key issues of

Accepted Answer

James Marcia's theory identifies four statuses of adolescent identity development based on the two key issues of crisis and commitment. The four statuses are: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Therefore, option A is the correct choice.

Question 16

Research on early temperament and later development suggests that

Accepted Answer

There is extensive research indicating that there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality. In particular, children who display traits such as shyness or behavioral inhibition early in life have been found to be at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders in adulthood. Additionally, certain temperamental traits such as sensation-seeking or impulsivity have been linked to a range of problematic behaviors in adolescence and adulthood.

Question 17

Which statement between temperament and later personality is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that an infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control predicts a lack of conscientiousness in later life is false. Studies have shown that effortful control in infancy and early childhood is actually a positive predictor of conscientiousness in adulthood.

Question 18

Which best represents "identity diffusion status"?

Accepted Answer

Identity diffusion status is characterized by a lack of direction and commitment to any particular goals or values. Beatriz's lack of interest in exploring career possibilities suggests a lack of commitment to any particular path.

Question 19

When asked to describe his sister Maggie,Jake says,"It's like she is afraid all the time." If accurate,this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of

Accepted Answer

The statement "It's like she is afraid all the time" implies that Maggie has a tendency towards negative emotions and feelings, which is a characteristic of negative affectivity. Therefore, she is likely to score high on a measure of negative affectivity.

Question 20

A significant change in self-description that appears at about age eight is a shift from descriptions focusing on

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that around age eight, children's self-descriptions shift from focusing more on physical characteristics to emphasizing social qualities and personality traits. This represents a shift towards viewing oneself more in terms of how they relate to others, rather than just their physical appearance.

Quiz 11: Self and Personality