Question 1

The predominant organisms in vaginal secretions from normal prepubescent girls and postmenopausal women are:

Accepted Answer

The lining of the normal human genital tract is a mucosal layer made up of transitional,columnar,and squamous epithelial cells.Various species of commensal bacteria colonize these surfaces,causing no harm to the host except under abnormal circumstances and helping prevent the adherence of pathogenic organisms.The flora of the female genital tract varies with the pH and estrogen concentration of the mucosa,which depends on the host's age.Prepubescent and postmenopausal women harbor primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria (the same flora present on surface epithelium).

Question 2

Infections that are acquired during sexual activity are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Genital tract infections may be classified as endogenous or exogenous.Exogenous infections may be acquired as people engage in sexual activity,and these infections are referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).Endogenous infections are those that involve organisms that are members of the patient's normal genital flora.

Question 3

Match the disease with the causative agent.
-Bacterial vaginosis

Accepted Answer

Bacterial vaginosis is caused by a polymicrobial infection involving Gardnerella, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Peptostreptococcus, and Mobiluncus species.

Question 4

A culture performed on a vaginal specimen collected from a 60-year-old woman would likely grow primarily:

Accepted Answer

Various species of commensal bacteria colonize the lining of the normal human genital tract,causing no harm to the host except under abnormal circumstances and helping prevent the adherence of pathogenic organisms.The flora of the female genital tract varies with the pH and estrogen concentration of the mucosa,which depends on the host's age.Prepubescent and postmenopausal women harbor primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria (the same flora present on surface epithelium),whereas women of reproductive age may harbor large numbers of facultative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae,streptococci,and staphylococci,as well as anaerobes such as lactobacilli,anaerobic non-spore-forming bacilli and cocci,and clostridia.Although yeast (acquired from the gastrointestinal tract)may be transiently recovered from the female vaginal tract,it is not considered normal flora.

Question 5

Proper design of a urogenital swab expressly intended for the collection of urethral discharge should include what feature?

Accepted Answer

A urogenital swab expressly designed for the collection of such specimens should be used.These swabs are made of cotton or rayon that has been treated with charcoal to adsorb material toxic to gonococci and wrapped tightly over one end of a thin wire shaft.Cotton- or rayon-tipped swabs on a thin wire may also be used to collect specimens for isolation of mycoplasmas and Chlamydiae.Calcium alginate swabs are generally more toxic for herpes simplex virus (HSV),gonococci,Chlamydiae,and mycoplasmas than are treated cotton swabs.Because Dacron swabs are least toxic,they are recommended for viral specimens.Dacron-tipped swabs on plastic shafts are also acceptable for collecting specimens of Chlamydiae and genital mycoplasmas.

Question 6

Match the disease with the causative agent.
-Nongonococcal urethritis

Accepted Answer

Nongonococcal urethritis is most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Question 7

The type of vaginitis referred to as bacterial vaginosis is thought to be caused by:

Accepted Answer

Current understanding is that bacterial vaginosis has a polymicrobial cause,involving G.vaginalis and other facultative and anaerobic organisms along with the loss of vaginal lactobacilli.

Question 8

An organism that many women carry as part of their normal genital microbial flora that may be transmitted to the neonate during childbirth is:

Accepted Answer

Many women carry group B β-hemolytic streptococci (S.agalactiae)as part of their normal genital microbial flora,which may be transmitted to the neonate.

Question 9

Match the condition with its definition.
-Chorioamnionitis

Accepted Answer

Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as preterm labor, maternal sepsis, and fetal distress.

Answer: B
 Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial type of vaginitis characterized by mild perivaginal irritation and a foul-smelling discharge.

Answer: A
 Candidiasis is inflammation of the vaginal mucosa resulting in an abnormal discharge and offensive odor or itching.

Answer: D
 Orchitis is mild-to-severe inflammation of the testicles that is generally acquired by blood-borne dissemination of viruses such as the mumps virus.

Question 10

The predominant organism in vaginal secretions from normal women of reproductive age is:

Accepted Answer

The lining of the normal human genital tract is a mucosal layer made up of transitional,columnar,and squamous epithelial cells.Various species of commensal bacteria colonize these surfaces,causing no harm to the host except under abnormal circumstances and helping prevent the adherence of pathogenic organisms.The flora of the female genital tract varies with the pH and estrogen concentration of the mucosa,which depends on the host's age.Lactobacilli are the predominant organisms in secretions from normal,healthy vaginas.

Question 11

An infection of the vaginal mucosa resulting in an abnormal discharge and offensive odor or itching is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the vaginal mucosa,vaginitis,is a common clinical syndrome accounting for approximately 10 million office visits each year.Women with vaginal symptoms often complain of an abnormal discharge and possibly other symptoms such as an offensive odor or itching.The three most common causes of vaginitis in premenopausal women are vaginal candidiasis,bacterial vaginosis,and trichomoniasis.

Question 12

Match the condition with its definition.
-Bacterial vaginosis

Accepted Answer

Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial type of vaginitis characterized by mild perivaginal irritation and a foul-smelling discharge.

Answer: A
 Inflammation of the vaginal mucosa resulting in an abnormal discharge and offensive odor or itching describes the condition of vaginitis.

Answer: C
 Infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy is referred to as chorioamnionitis.

Answer: D
 Mild-to-severe inflammation of the testicles that is generally acquired by blood-borne dissemination of viruses such as the mumps virus describes the condition of orchitis.

Question 13

Large amounts of epithelial cells,many of which are covered by tiny gram-variable rods and coccobacilli,and the absence of inflammatory cells in vaginal discharge are signs of:

Accepted Answer

Bacterial vaginosis,characterized by a foul-smelling discharge,can be microscopically or clinically diagnosed.The discharge is primarily sloughed epithelial cells,many of which are completely covered by tiny,gram-variable rods and coccobacilli.These cells are called clue cells.The absence of inflammatory cells in the vaginal discharge is another sign of bacterial vaginosis.Although G.vaginalis has been historically associated with the syndrome and can be cultured on a human blood bilayer plate,culture is not recommended for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.A clinical diagnosis is best made using three or more of the following criteria: homogeneous,gray discharge;clue cells observed on wet mount or Gram stain;an amine or fishy odor elicited by the addition of a drop of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH)to the discharge on a slide or on the speculum;and a pH greater than 4.5.

Question 14

An infection that results when cervical microorganisms travel upward to the endometrium,fallopian tubes,and other pelvic structures and produce inflammatory conditions such as endometritis,salpingitis,peritonitis,or abscesses is:

Accepted Answer

PID is an infection that results when cervical microorganisms travel upward to the endometrium,fallopian tubes,and other pelvic structures.This infection can produce one or more of the following inflammatory conditions: endometritis,salpingitis (inflammation of the salpinges),localized or generalized peritonitis,or abscesses involving the fallopian tubes or ovaries.Patients with PID often have intermittent abdominal pain and tenderness,vaginal discharge,dysuria,and possibly systemic symptoms such as fever,weight loss,and headache.Serious complications,such as permanent scarring of the fallopian tubes and infertility,can arise if PID is left untreated.

Question 15

The flora of the female genital tract:

Accepted Answer

The lining of the normal human genital tract is a mucosal layer made up of transitional,columnar,and squamous epithelial cells.Various species of commensal bacteria colonize these surfaces,causing no harm to the host except under abnormal circumstances and helping prevent the adherence of pathogenic organisms.The flora of the female genital tract varies with the pH and estrogen concentration of the mucosa,which depends on the host's age.Prepubescent and postmenopausal women harbor primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria (the same flora present on surface epithelium),whereas women of reproductive age may harbor large numbers of facultative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae,streptococci,and staphylococci,as well as anaerobes such as lactobacilli,anaerobic non-spore-forming bacilli and cocci,and clostridia.Lactobacilli are the predominant organisms in secretions from normal,healthy vaginas.Recent studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli are most associated with a healthy state.The numbers of anaerobic organisms remain constant throughout the monthly cycle.Many women carry group B β-hemolytic streptococci (S.agalactiae),which may be transmitted to the neonate.Although yeast (acquired from the gastrointestinal tract)may be transiently recovered from the female vaginal tract,it is not considered normal flora.

Question 16

A culture performed on a vaginal specimen collected from a 38-year-old woman would likely grow primarily:

Accepted Answer

Various species of commensal bacteria colonize the lining of the normal human genital tract,causing no harm to the host except under abnormal circumstances and helping prevent the adherence of pathogenic organisms.The flora of the female genital tract varies with the pH and estrogen concentration of the mucosa,which depends on the host's age.Prepubescent and postmenopausal women harbor primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria (the same flora present on surface epithelium),whereas women of reproductive age may harbor large numbers of facultative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae,streptococci,and staphylococci,as well as anaerobes such as lactobacilli,anaerobic non-spore-forming bacilli and cocci,and clostridia.

Question 17

An infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy is called:

Accepted Answer

Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy.This infection is commonly acquired by organisms ascending from the vagina or cervix after premature or prolonged rupture of the membranes or labor.

Question 18

Match the disease with the causative agent.
-Orchitis

Accepted Answer

Orchitis is caused by the mumps virus.

Question 19

Match the condition with its definition.
-Vaginitis

Accepted Answer

Vaginitis is the inflammation of the vaginal mucosa resulting in abnormal discharge and offensive odor or itching.

Answer: B
 Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial type of vaginitis characterized by mild perivaginal irritation and a foul-smelling discharge.

Answer: C
 Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy.

Answer: D
 Orchitis is the inflammation of the testicles that is generally acquired by blood-borne dissemination of viruses such as the mumps virus.

Question 20

Match the condition with its definition.
-Orchitis

Accepted Answer

Orchitis is the inflammation of the testicles, which is usually caused by viral infections such as mumps.

Answer: B
 Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial type of vaginitis characterized by a foul-smelling discharge and mild perivaginal irritation.

Answer: C
 Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as preterm labor, sepsis, and fetal distress.

Answer: A
 Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa resulting in abnormal discharge, itching, and odor. It can be caused by infections or other factors such as hormonal changes or allergies.

Quiz 72: Genital Tract Infections

The predominant organisms in vaginal secretions from normal prepubescent girls and postmenopausal women are:

Infections that are acquired during sexual activity are referred to as:

Match the disease with the causative agent. -Bacterial vaginosis

A culture performed on a vaginal specimen collected from a 60-year-old woman would likely grow primarily:

Proper design of a urogenital swab expressly intended for the collection of urethral discharge should include what feature?

Match the disease with the causative agent. -Nongonococcal urethritis

The type of vaginitis referred to as bacterial vaginosis is thought to be caused by:

An organism that many women carry as part of their normal genital microbial flora that may be transmitted to the neonate during childbirth is:

Match the condition with its definition. -Chorioamnionitis

The predominant organism in vaginal secretions from normal women of reproductive age is:

An infection of the vaginal mucosa resulting in an abnormal discharge and offensive odor or itching is referred to as:

Match the condition with its definition. -Bacterial vaginosis

Large amounts of epithelial cells,many of which are covered by tiny gram-variable rods and coccobacilli,and the absence of inflammatory cells in vaginal discharge are signs of:

An infection that results when cervical microorganisms travel upward to the endometrium,fallopian tubes,and other pelvic structures and produce inflammatory conditions such as endometritis,salpingitis,peritonitis,or abscesses is:

The flora of the female genital tract:

A culture performed on a vaginal specimen collected from a 38-year-old woman would likely grow primarily:

An infection of the uterus and its contents during pregnancy is called:

Match the disease with the causative agent. -Orchitis

Match the condition with its definition. -Vaginitis

Match the condition with its definition. -Orchitis