Question 1

Which of the following is defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

Accepted Answer

An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. Motives, drives, and needs are all internal qualities that can contribute to behavior but do not necessarily provide external goals.

Question 2

According to drive theory of motivation,if you drink water when you are thirsty,then what is the result of drinking

Accepted Answer

According to drive theory of motivation, thirst is a physiological need that creates a drive (thirst drive) which motivates the individual to drink water. When the individual drinks water, it reduces the drive (thirst drive) which creates drive reduction and physiological equilibrium. Therefore, B is the correct answer.

Question 3

What could you call a promise of a bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline

Accepted Answer

A promise of a bonus for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an incentive. An incentive is something that motivates a person to take a particular action or do a task. In this case, the promise of a bonus is acting as an incentive to motivate the person to complete the work assignment before the deadline.

Question 4

Damien went outside without his jacket on,and he is feeling very cold.His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature.As a result of this disruption to homeostasis,what should increase in strength

Accepted Answer

Drive refers to the internal motivation or impulse that pushes an individual to take action to maintain homeostasis. In this scenario, Damien's body temperature has dropped, and as a result, his body will increase its drive to maintain its internal temperature within the normal range. Emotion, incentive, and motive may also play a role in his behavior, but they are not directly related to the disruption of homeostasis caused by the cold temperature.

Question 5

What are motives

Accepted Answer

Motives are the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel behaviour in certain directions. They can be either innate or learned over time and are often influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 6

William's fat cells throughout his body have produced high levels of leptin which are now in his bloodstream.What is William most likely to report

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a hormone that is responsible for regulating appetite and satiety. High levels of leptin in the bloodstream usually indicate that the body has enough energy stores and does not require additional food intake. Therefore, William is most likely to report that he does not feel hungry.

Question 7

Of the brain structures listed below,which one do scientists currently believe plays a larger role than the other structures in the modulation of hunger

Accepted Answer

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to play a larger role than other structures in the modulation of hunger. It has two sets of neurons that regulate feeding behavior, one that promotes hunger and another that suppresses it. These neurons receive signals from the digestive system and hormones such as leptin, which are involved in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Question 8

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation,which individual is likely to be most motivated to apply for a scholarship

Accepted Answer

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation, individuals are most motivated when they perceive a high probability of success and when they perceive that the task has high value or importance. In this scenario, Evan has good grades and a scholarship worth $4000, which is a high-value incentive, making it more likely that Evan will feel motivated to apply for the scholarship. The other options either have low-value incentives (Option B) or low perceived probability of success due to poor grades (Options C and D).

Question 9

Where in the brain would a lesion result in dramatic increases in weight

Accepted Answer

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger and satiety, and lesions in this area can result in overeating and dramatic increases in weight.

Question 10

Ray tends to be involved in everything! He belongs to a variety of clubs and he spends a lot of time with friends and colleagues.He really wants to get along with people and he seeks out the opinions and approval of those around him.Which motive does Ray's behaviour represent

Accepted Answer

Ray's behavior represents the affiliation motive, which is the desire to establish social connections and maintain relationships with others. He seeks out the company of others and wants to be liked and accepted by them. This motive often leads individuals to join clubs and organizations, and to spend time with friends and colleagues.

Question 11

According to evolutionary theories of motivation,what is the result of motivated behaviour

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary theories of motivation, the ultimate goal of motivated behavior is to maximize reproductive success, which promotes survival of the species. Restored homeostasis may be a result of some motivated behaviors, but it is not the ultimate goal. Reduced biological needs and reduced incentives are not commonly considered as the result of motivated behavior according to evolutionary theories.

Question 12

Which of the following is defined as an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

Accepted Answer

A drive is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

Question 13

According to contemporary theories of hunger,what is the main focus of research on the hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

Contemporary theories of hunger focus on the neural circuits of the hypothalamus, which is responsible for regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Studies have shown that certain areas of the hypothalamus are involved in stimulating hunger and satiety, and disrupting these circuits can lead to overeating or appetite suppression. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying hunger is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat obesity and other eating disorders.

Question 14

When you are engaging in goal-directed behaviour,what are you experiencing

Accepted Answer

When engaging in goal-directed behavior, you are experiencing motivation. Motivation is the driving force that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior towards a goal. It encompasses the various biological, emotional, social, and cognitive factors that activate behavior towards achieving a desired outcome. Incentives, drive reduction, and emotions are all components of motivation but do not fully encapsulate the complex nature of motivation.

Question 15

Which of the following is secreted by an empty stomach to cause stomach contractions and promote hunger

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and promotes hunger. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, leptin is secreted by adipose tissue to control appetite and energy expenditure, and CCK is secreted by the small intestine to stimulate bile and enzyme release from the pancreas and limit food intake.

Question 16

After food is consumed,what information is transmitted to the brain by the vagus nerve

Accepted Answer

The vagus nerve transmits information about the stretching of the stomach wall to the brain after food is consumed. This helps signal feelings of fullness and satiety, which can control the amount of food intake.

Question 17

What differs between the perspective of evolutionary theorists and many other motivation theorists regarding the nature of social motives

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theorists explain social and biological motives in terms of their adaptive value, while many other motivation theorists may not consider the adaptive value of social motives or may consider them to be innate rather than learned.

Question 18

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation,which individual is likely to be most motivated to study for an upcoming exam

Accepted Answer

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation, motivation is influenced by two factors: expectancy, or the belief that one can successfully complete the task, and value, or the importance placed on the task. In this scenario, Ashley, who usually gets good grades, likely has a high expectancy of success and values the exam as it is worth 40% of her grade, making her the most motivated to study for the exam.

Question 19

Which hormone allows the cells in your body to extract glucose from your blood

Accepted Answer

Insulin is the hormone that allows cells in the body to extract glucose from the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and released in response to rising blood glucose levels after a meal. Insulin allows cells to take up glucose and use it for energy or store it for later use. Without insulin, glucose would build up in the blood and not be utilized by the cells, leading to high blood sugar levels and potentially dangerous health outcomes.

Question 20

Damien went outside without his jacket on,and he is feeling very cold.His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature.What has been disrupted by the cold temperature

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. In this case, Damien's body temperature is dropping due to the cold temperature, disrupting his homeostasis. A and B are not relevant to the situation, and it's unclear how the situation has impacted Damien's emotional regulation specifically.

Quiz 10: B: Motivation and Emotion