Question 1

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as "dig,paint,and hard." Based on Kiana's errors in recall,how did she encode the original word list

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Which process is important for memory and involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events

Accepted Answer

Attention is the process of focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events, which is important for memory. Elaboration is a form of deeper processing that enhances memory, clustering is grouping similar items together, and encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 3

Frances is daydreaming during her botany class and has not been listening to the lecture at all.She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked.Which type of model is supported by this example

Accepted Answer

The late-selection model of attention suggests that all information in the environment is processed at a low level before the mind selects certain information for further processing. In Frances's case, her ability to become aware of her name being called, despite not consciously attending to the lecture, supports the idea that information (her name) was processed to some extent before she consciously attended to it.

Question 4

Zachariah was nervous about his midterm exams,but once he started he found that he was able to accurately recall the necessary information.Which memory process accounts for Zachariah's access and utilization of the information in his memory

Accepted Answer

Retrieval is the memory process that involves accessing and utilizing information stored in the memory. In this case, Zachariah was able to recall and use the necessary information for his exams, which indicates the process of retrieval. Encoding refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory, storage is the retention of information over time, and rehearsal involves repetition of information to aid in its storage.

Question 5

What must occur for a memory to be stored

Accepted Answer

Encoding involves the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in the brain, and it is essential for memory formation. Retrieval refers to the process of accessing stored information, modelling refers to the construction of mental representations, and chunking involves grouping information into meaningful units, but none of these processes are sufficient for memory storage on their own.

Question 6

What is the order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later

Accepted Answer

The order of the basic memory processes is encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves the processing and transformation of information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage is the retention of encoded information over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information when needed. Therefore, Option A is the correct order of the basic memory processes. Option B is incorrect because it implies that acquisition is a separate memory process, which it is not. Option C is incorrect because retrieval cannot come before storage. Option D is incorrect because acquisition is not a memory process, and retrieval comes before acquisition.

Question 7

Which of the following is a component of most theories of attention

Accepted Answer

The concept of attention as a selective filter that screens out most stimuli is a component of most theories of attention. This idea suggests that our attention is limited and we must selectively choose what to focus on based on our goals, intentions, and expectations.

Answer: D
 None of the options provided include the nonselective nature of attention, so this is not a valid answer.

Question 8

In which level of processing is emphasis placed on the sounds of words

Accepted Answer

Phonemic processing focuses on the sounds of words, whereas morphemic processing focuses on the meaning of word parts (morphemes), and platonic and mnemonic processing are not related to language processing.

Question 9

What was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart

Accepted Answer

"Functional" was not one of the levels of processing proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their model of memory. The three levels of processing identified in their model were structural (processing the physical features of the stimulus), phonemic (processing the sound of the stimulus), and semantic (processing the meaning of the stimulus).

Question 10

Which of the following is proposed by early-selection theories of attention

Accepted Answer

Early-selection theories propose that stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input. This means that attention is focused on only a subset of sensory input, with irrelevant or unimportant stimuli being filtered out early in the process. This enables the brain to efficiently process relevant information and ignore distractions.

Question 11

Thalia studied for her midterm and when her roommate quizzed her,she gave correct answers to all sorts of questions.The day of the midterm,however,Thalia was unable to provide answers to questions that she had answered the night before.What can you conclude from this memory failure

Accepted Answer

The fact that Thalia was able to correctly answer the questions when she was quizzed by her roommate suggests that she had encoded and stored the information appropriately. However, her inability to retrieve the information during the midterm suggests that the retrieval process was faulty. Thus, it can be concluded that Thalia encoded the information and stored it, but she was unable to retrieve it during the midterm.

Question 12

When a driver of a vehicle is having a conversation,what is most likely to lead to problems with driving

Accepted Answer

Divided attention, or trying to focus on both the driving task and the conversation, is most likely to lead to problems with driving. This can include delayed reactions to traffic signals, decreased situational awareness, and difficulty safely navigating the roadway. The other options may also cause issues, but not as consistently or significantly as divided attention.

Question 13

Which memory process would you be using if you were attempting to remember where you left your keys

Accepted Answer

Retrieval is the memory process of accessing or recalling previously encoded and stored information. In this scenario, the individual is trying to remember something they have already encoded and stored (the location of their keys), so they would be using the retrieval process to access that information.

Question 14

What has been demonstrated to be the least dangerous method of conversation while driving

Accepted Answer

Talking to passengers in the vehicle is the least dangerous method of conversation while driving because passengers can help the driver stay alert and aware of surroundings, and can adjust their conversation based on traffic conditions. Other methods of conversation, such as using a cell phone, can distract the driver and increase the risk of an accident.

Question 15

Even if you are not attending to a particular conversation between two people,you may notice if one of the people says your name.What is the term for this type of occurrence

Accepted Answer

The cocktail party phenomenon refers to the ability to selectively attend to one conversation out of multiple conversations occurring simultaneously. However, if someone says your name in a conversation that you were not attending to, you may notice it due to the salience of your own name, even if you were not attending to the conversation itself.

Question 16

Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background.Later,he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him,because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung.Which model is supported by this example

Accepted Answer

The example supports the early selection model, which posits that attentional filters are applied at an early stage of processing and that only the most relevant stimuli are allowed to pass through to conscious awareness. Curtis's failure to hear the phone ringing suggests that the auditory stimuli were not deemed relevant enough to warrant his attention and thus were not selected for further processing.

Question 17

Cherie is trying to do two things at once.She is completing a time-limited online quiz for a very important course (so she has to pay attention to the questions),and she is trying to monitor a conversation going on behind her,involving some juicy gossip.What would you expect if you asked Cherie to recall as much as possible about the conversation

Accepted Answer

Cherie's attention was divided between completing the time-limited online quiz and monitoring the conversation. Divided attention reduces cognitive resources, making it difficult to remember things accurately or thoroughly. Therefore, she would not be able to remember as much as she would have if she had focused on the conversation.

Question 18

What is the term for the process of remembering

Accepted Answer

Retrieval is the process of remembering or accessing information stored in the memory.

Question 19

Jorge listens attentively to the premier's speech and converts the information from the speech into new memories.What process allows Jorge to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process by which information is converted into a form that can be stored and retrieved from memory. In this scenario, Jorge is converting the information he is hearing from the premier's speech into new memories through the process of encoding. Storage refers to the stage in the memory process where information is retained over time, while retrieval refers to the process of accessing stored information. Priming refers to the phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences a person's response to a subsequent stimulus.

Question 20

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first-semester Spanish class after the class has ended.What memory process accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time

Accepted Answer

Storage refers to the process of keeping information in our memory for later use. In this case, Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in Spanish class, indicating that the information has been stored in her long-term memory. Encoding refers to the process of initially learning and processing information, retrieval refers to the process of accessing stored information, and chunking refers to the process of organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. While these processes may be involved in the overall process of memory, the fact that Shayla can hold the information for an extended period of time suggests that storage is the most relevant process in this case.

Quiz 7: A: Human Memory