Question 1

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as "pup,bucket,and dislike." Based on Taryn's errors in recall,how did she encode the original word list

Accepted Answer

Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she encoded the original words semantically. She remembered words with similar meanings (pup for dog, bucket for pail) and opposite emotional tones (dislike for hate) rather than focusing on the structure or sounds of the words (structurally or phonemically).

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of phonemic encoding

Accepted Answer

Phonemic encoding involves focusing on the sound of the information to remember it. Thinking of rhyming words for each item on a shopping list involves focusing on the sounds of the words, which is a form of phonemic encoding.

Question 3

Two students took a memory test where they had to remember 20 words that were flashed on a screen.Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor.Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence.What would you predict based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory

Accepted Answer

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, semantic encoding (encoding the meaning of a word) leads to better memory retention than structural encoding (encoding the physical features of a word). Bailey's strategy of thinking of ways each word could be used in a sentence is an example of semantic encoding, which should lead to better recall compared to Mallory's strategy of thinking of rhymes for each word, which is an example of structural encoding. Therefore, Bailey is predicted to have better recall of the words than Mallory.

Question 4

Hugh is studying for his geography test.He is in a hurry,so he focuses on memorizing the main points of the text and skips the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point.Which statement best summarizes this situation

Accepted Answer

Skipping the examples that illustrate main points may result in Hugh missing out on important contextual information that helps him retain the main ideas. Thus, his strategy is likely to be ineffective, and he may struggle to recall the material during his test.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of structural encoding

Accepted Answer

Structural encoding involves organizing information based on the physical or structural characteristics of the information. Remembering a series of symbols by noting the angle of each of the lines is an example of structural encoding. The other options involve semantic encoding (B and C) and phonological encoding (D).

Question 6

What is involved in self-referent encoding

Accepted Answer

Self-referent encoding involves making the material to be remembered personally meaningful, such as relating it to one's own life experiences, beliefs, or values. This type of encoding has been found to lead to better memory retention compared to other types of encoding, such as visual or semantic encoding.

Question 7

Whitney's neighbours are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary,but their wedding anniversary falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday,so she finds it an easy date to remember.What is illustrated by Whitney's easy recall of the anniversary date

Accepted Answer

Whitney's ability to remember her neighbors' anniversary because it coincides with her own birthday is an example of self-referent encoding, which is the process of relating new information to oneself, thereby making it easier to remember.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of semantic encoding

Accepted Answer

Semantic encoding involves giving meaning to information to aid in its storage and retrieval. Thinking of definitions for each word you must remember involves creating semantic associations, which makes this option the best choice. Memorizing lines from a poem and thinking of rhyming words do not necessarily involve creating meaningful associations, and remembering a grocery list by visualizing a cake is an example of visual encoding.

Question 9

Dr.Boissoneau is a well-liked professor,and students always say that it is very easy to remember his lectures.Dr.Boissoneau uses a lot of funny pictures to illustrate his points (such as a picture of Napoleon being soaked by a bucket of water,when discussing the battle of Waterloo),and he creates all kinds of examples and metaphors when explaining theories or concepts (such as comparing Marie Antoinette to Miley Cyrus).What is it about Dr.Boissoneau that is most effective for helping students to remember his lectures so easily

Accepted Answer

According to dual-coding theory, memory is enhanced by both visual and semantic codes, so using a combination of both can lead to better recall. Dr. Boissoneau's use of funny pictures and metaphors creates a memorable visual and semantic experience for the students, making it easier for them to remember his lectures.

Question 10

Which statement about memory is proposed by dual-coding theory

Accepted Answer

Dual-coding theory proposes that memory is enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes, and it is the combination of both codes that leads to the strongest memory. This is in contrast to other theories that emphasize one type of code over the other or propose separate memory systems for different types of information.

Question 11

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes

Accepted Answer

Semantic processing involves encoding the meaning of a word or concept, which is the deepest level of processing. Research has consistently shown that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes. In contrast, both phonemic and structural processing are shallower levels of processing and result in less durable memory codes. Mnemonic processing refers to the use of memory aids or strategies and is not a level of processing in itself.

Question 12

Which sequence represents progressively deeper levels of processing

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence representing progressively deeper levels of processing according to the levels of processing theory is structural (shallow processing, focusing on the structure or appearance of words), phonemic (intermediate processing, focusing on the sound of words), and semantic (deep processing, focusing on the meaning of words).

Question 13

Which list of words should be easiest to remember,based on Paivio's dual-coding theory

Accepted Answer

According to Paivio's dual-coding theory, words that can be visualized are easier to remember because they are processed in both the verbal and imagery systems of the brain. Therefore, a list of words that you can visualize, such as dog and beer, should be easiest to remember.

Question 14

What types of memory stores are described in the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model, also known as the multi-store model, describes three types of memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (or working memory), and long-term memory.

Question 15

What is the deepest level of processing of information in memory

Accepted Answer

The semantic level of encoding involves processing information based on its meaning, which leads to a deeper and stronger memory trace than shallow processing based on physical or superficial characteristics (such as attentional or dyadic encoding). The triarchic level of encoding is a theory that describes three types of encoding (analytic, synthetic, and practical) but it is not considered as deep as semantic encoding. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 16

What does the process of elaboration involve

Accepted Answer

The process of elaboration involves linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding, meaning that we connect new information to already existing information in our memory. This creates a more complex network of associations, making the information easier to remember and retrieve.

Question 17

Several friends are arguing over the actual date of Will and Kate's royal wedding.Some of them think it was in May,several think it was in early April,and one thinks it may have been in June.Seth confidently tells them it was on April 29,because it was the same day that his daughter was born.What is illustrated by the example of Seth's accurate recall

Accepted Answer

Seth's accurate recall of the date of Will and Kate's royal wedding is illustrated by self-referent encoding, which means he remembers the date well because it is personally relevant to him (the same day his daughter was born).

Question 18

Which type of memory code emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory code emphasizes the meaning of verbal input. It involves the processing of the meaning of words and concepts, rather than just their sounds or physical features.

Question 19

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,he recalled these words as "log,whale,and late." Based on Xavier's errors in recall,how did he encode the original word list

Accepted Answer

Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he encoded the original word list based on the sounds of the words (phonemes) rather than their meaning (semantic encoding) or their physical appearance (structural encoding). Retroactive encoding is not a relevant concept in this context.

Question 20

Naomi is studying for her physics exam.While she is studying,she thinks about each lab demonstration that was used to illustrate key ideas.Which statement best summarizes this situation

Accepted Answer

Naomi is using an efficient study strategy by thinking about the lab demonstrations used to illustrate key ideas. Examples can be helpful for recalling key ideas and understanding their underlying principles. This approach uses deeper processing than just reading and memorizing information, making it more likely that she will remember the material for her exam.

Quiz 7: A: Human Memory