Question 1

Etiology is defined as the study of the:

Accepted Answer

Etiology is the study of the causes of a disease.

Question 2

Hypertrophy of the heart would be related to:

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy of the heart refers to an increase in the size of the individual cells, typically due to increased workload or stress on the heart. This can lead to changes in the structure and function of the heart, potentially causing various health issues.

Question 3

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:

Accepted Answer

Dysplasia is a term used to describe abnormal changes in a tissue characterized by cells that show variation in size and shape and increased mitotic activity. This is often considered a pre-cancerous condition and may require further investigation or intervention. Metaplasia refers to a change in cell type, atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size or number, and hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size.

Question 4

Lack of exercise during an illness may cause skeletal muscle to undergo:

Accepted Answer

Lack of exercise during illness can lead to muscle atrophy, which is the wasting away or shrinking of muscle tissue due to inactivity. This can be reversed through exercise and physical therapy. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscle size, usually as a result of exercise. Dysplasia refers to abnormal growth or development of tissues, which is not typically associated with lack of exercise. Regeneration refers to the process of repairing damaged tissues, which can occur with or without exercise depending on the extent of the damage.

Question 5

A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:

Accepted Answer

A precipitating factor is an event or circumstance that triggers a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease. This can include things like stress, infection, or exposure to allergens. The other choices are not related to this concept - latent stage refers to a period of inactivity before a disease becomes active, predisposing factors increase the likelihood of developing a disease but do not necessarily cause acute episodes, and incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

Epidemiology is the study of the incidence, distribution, and determinants of disease in a population. It involves tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases in order to identify and understand their patterns and causes.

Question 7

To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?

Accepted Answer

The term apoptosis refers to preprogrammed cell self-destruction, a normal physiological process, as opposed to necrosis, which is a result of injury or disease.

Question 8

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

Accepted Answer

An iatrogenic disease is a condition caused by medical treatment. Therefore, an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug is the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease.

Question 9

What is an acute episode of a chronic disease called?

Accepted Answer

An acute episode of a chronic disease is called an exacerbation. An exacerbation is a sudden worsening of symptoms that may require medical intervention or a change in treatment plan.

Question 10

Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?

Accepted Answer

A fever is a systemic sign of disease because it is a response by the body to an underlying infection or inflammatory condition. Swelling of the knee, pain in the neck, and a red rash on the face are more localized signs that may or may not be related to a systemic condition.

Question 11

Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease is established?

Accepted Answer

A complication is a new and secondary problem that arises after the original disease is established. Symptoms and manifestations refer to the signs and characteristics of the disease or condition, while occurrence can refer to either the development of the disease or the overall frequency of it in a population.

Question 12

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Manifestations of a disease refer to the signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of the disease.

Question 13

Caseation necrosis refers to an area where:

Accepted Answer

Caseation necrosis is a type of tissue death that results in the formation of a thick, cheesy substance. It often occurs in granulomatous inflammation, where the immune system attempts to isolate and contain pathogens that it cannot eliminate. The dead tissue becomes infiltrated by inflammatory cells and eventually breaks down, leading to the formation of a soft, cheese-like substance.

Question 14

When a group of cells in the body dies,the change is called:

Accepted Answer

Necrosis is the term used to describe the death of a group of cells in the body. Ischemia and hypoxia both refer to a lack of oxygen to tissues, but do not necessarily result in cell death. Gangrene is a specific type of tissue death that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to a particular area, leading to bacterial infection and tissue decay.

Question 15

The best definition of the term prognosis is the:

Accepted Answer

Prognosis refers to the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease. A refers to triggers that can cause an acute episode, B refers to the number of times a disease may go into remission, and D refers to episodes of worsening symptoms during a chronic illness.

Question 16

Pathophysiology involves the study of:

Accepted Answer

Pathophysiology deals with the functional or structural changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease process. It is not concerned with the basic structure or function of organs (A and B), although it does involve the study of cell structures and functions (D) as they are related to disease.

Question 17

The term cancer refers to:

Accepted Answer

The term cancer specifically refers to a malignant neoplasm, which is an abnormal growth of cells that can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs, as well as spread to other parts of the body. Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are all types of abnormal cellular changes that can occur, but they do not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer.

Question 18

The term homeostasis refers to:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment, including body temperature, pH levels, and blood sugar levels, among others.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves through various mechanisms such as DNA repair enzymes, cell signaling pathways, and apoptosis. Alteration of DNA can change cell function and cause mutations, leading to diseases such as cancer. Different types of cells have varying lifespans and rates of death. Mild ischemia may cause reversible damage to cells but does not necessarily cause immediate death.

Question 20

Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:

Accepted Answer

Sun block is a preventative measure to protect the skin from harmful UV rays from the sun, which can lead to skin cancer. It is not an iatrogenic cause (caused by medical treatment), a precipitating factor (triggering an immediate event), or a predisposing condition (increasing susceptibility to a condition).

Quiz 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology