Question 1

In contrast to structural strategies,psychological strategies are inexpensive.

Accepted Answer

Psychological strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral techniques, stress management, and mindfulness, often require less financial investment compared to structural strategies like building physical infrastructure or purchasing equipment.

Question 2

Which of the following is a characteristic of a noncooperative negotiation?

Accepted Answer

A noncooperative negotiation is characterized by a lack of cooperation and a focus on self-interest, where each party tries to maximize their outcomes. In such negotiations, the contract is tacit, which means it is implied based on the actions and behaviors of the parties involved. The other options (A, B, and C) are common characteristics of cooperative negotiations, where the parties generally work together to reach a mutually beneficial agreement.

Question 3

Public goods dilemmas are also known as collective traps.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 4

The rational pursuit of self-interest is detrimental to collective welfare.

Accepted Answer

When individuals prioritize their own self-interest over the collective welfare, it can result in actions that harm the group as a whole. For example, if each person in a community prioritizes their own financial gain over environmental preservation, the collective welfare of the community may suffer from pollution and its negative effects on health and ecosystems. Similarly, if each country prioritizes its own economic interests over international cooperation, it can result in a lack of progress on important global issues such as climate change and human rights.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to a two-person dilemma?

Accepted Answer

The term "prisoner's dilemma" specifically refers to a game theory situation in which two individuals must choose whether to cooperate or betray each other, with the outcome depending on the choices of both players. The other options (environmental dilemma, tacit dilemma, explicit dilemma) do not necessarily refer to a two-person situation.

Question 6

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a tacit negotiation?

Accepted Answer

A characteristic of a tacit negotiation is the absence of a binding contract. Tacit negotiations involve unspoken understandings between the parties without a written agreement.

Question 7

In the case in which parties interact with one another for an infinite or indefinite amount of time,the logic of backward induction breaks down.

Accepted Answer

The logic of backward induction relies on the assumption that parties have a finite number of moves, and therefore can reason backwards from the end of the game. However, in a game with infinite or indefinite interactions, there is no clear end point and thus backward induction cannot be applied.

Question 8

People behave less competitively in groups than in two-person situations.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people can actually behave more competitively in group situations due to social comparison, group dynamics, and diffusion of responsibility, which can intensify competitive behavior compared to two-person interactions.

Question 9

In 1981 Robert Axelrod,a leading game theorist,invited members of the scientific community to submit a strategy to play in a prisoner's dilemma tournament.The winning strategy of the tournament was called ________.

Accepted Answer

The winning strategy of the tournament was called tit-for-tat, which involves starting with a cooperative move and then copying the opponent's last move in subsequent rounds. This strategy proved to be successful in achieving mutual cooperation and minimizing losses in the prisoner's dilemma game.

Question 10

Which of the following is a mechanism by which a person decides what to do in a repeated game situation by looking at the previous games from the last stage of the game?

Accepted Answer

Backward induction is a method used in game theory to determine the optimal strategy by starting from the last possible move of the game and working backwards to deduce the sequence of actions that leads to the best outcome for a player. In repeated games, it helps in analyzing what decisions to make by considering the outcomes of previous stages.

Question 11

The distinction between explicit and tacit negotiation situations was first articulated by ________,who referred to one branch of negotiations as "cooperative games" and the other as "noncooperative games."

Accepted Answer

The distinction between explicit and tacit negotiation situations was first articulated by John Nash, who referred to one branch of negotiations as "cooperative games" and the other as "noncooperative games." Nash is best known for his work in game theory, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding tacit negotiations?

Accepted Answer

Tacit negotiations involve indirect or implied agreements without explicit communication, often seen in international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol, where countries collectively agree on environmental standards without direct negotiation on every detail.

Question 13

The negotiation situations in which people seek to reach mutual agreement via binding contract are called ________ negotiations.

Accepted Answer

Explicit negotiations involve a process of open and direct communication in which the parties seek to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. These negotiations typically result in a binding contract that outlines the terms and conditions of the agreement. Concurrent negotiations refer to situations in which parties negotiate at the same time or concurrently, while reciprocal negotiations involve a process of give-and-take or exchanging concessions to reach an agreement. Tacit negotiations refer to situations in which negotiations take place through actions or signals rather than direct communication.

Question 14

A person using the tit-for-tat strategy typically earns more than his or her opponent.

Accepted Answer

The tit-for-tat strategy in game theory often results in both players earning similar amounts, as it is based on cooperation and retaliation, not on maximizing one's own gain at the expense of the opponent.

Question 15

Robert and Jaden are facing a prisoner's dilemma.According to the principle of dominance detection,a dominant strategy for Robert results in ________.

Accepted Answer

According to the principle of dominance detection, a dominant strategy for Robert results in a better outcome for Robert no matter what Jaden does. Choosing a dominant strategy means that Robert is always choosing the best option for himself, and this will result in the best possible outcome for him regardless of what Jaden does.

Question 16

Tacit negotiations are characterized by binding contract.

Accepted Answer

Tacit negotiations refer to agreements or understandings that are implied or understood without being explicitly stated. They do not involve a binding contract.

Question 17

As compared to written-only or no communication,people who communicate face-to-face are much more likely to reach a mutually profitable deal.

Accepted Answer

Face-to-face communication allows for the exchange of nonverbal cues, such as body language and facial expressions, which can help build trust and understanding between parties. This, in turn, can lead to more successful negotiations and agreements.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of a cooperative negotiation?

Accepted Answer

In a cooperative negotiation, people come to the table voluntarily and work together towards a mutually beneficial solution. This is in contrast to a competitive negotiation where people may be forced to negotiate or have conflicting interests. The other options (A, C, and D) do not accurately describe a characteristic of cooperative negotiation.

Question 19

Social dilemmas are riskier than prisoner's dilemmas.

Accepted Answer

Social dilemmas involve a larger group of individuals who must choose between a cooperative or non-cooperative action, while prisoner's dilemmas involve only two individuals. The larger group and more complex decision-making process in social dilemmas can make them riskier.

Question 20

The Kyoto Protocol is an example of an explicit negotiation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Kyoto Protocol is an example of...

Quiz 11: Tacit Negotiations and Social Dilemmas