Question 1

Four-month-old Aiden suddenly begins to cry, taking a large intake of breath, holding it, and repeating the pattern.The sound of Aiden's cry signals he is ___________.

Accepted Answer

Aiden's cry pattern of holding his breath and repeating it suggests he is in pain.

Question 2

In the experiment by Hunziker and Barr (1986), mothers in Group A were instructed to carry their infants for at least 3 hours a day, while the mothers in Group B were not given any special instructions.What were the results?

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment showed that Group A infants (whose mothers were instructed to carry them for at least 3 hours a day) cried half as long as Group B infants. There were no significant differences in the frequency of crying between the two groups. Therefore, choice B is the most accurate option.

Question 3

According to the text, what type of neonate cry expels a large volume of air through the vocal cords?

Accepted Answer

Anger cries in neonates are characterized by expelling a large volume of air through the vocal cords.

Question 4

What is one of the most damaging aspects of formula-feeding in developing countries?

Accepted Answer

Mixing formula with contaminated water can lead to the transmission of waterborne diseases, causing illness and death in infants. Additionally, in developing countries, access to clean water and proper sanitation may be limited, further exacerbating the problem. In contrast, options A, C, and D are also potentially damaging aspects of formula-feeding, but they do not have as widespread and deadly consequences as mixing formula with contaminated water.

Question 5

When babies are soothed by wrapping them tightly in cloths or a blanket so that their arms and legs cannot move, this is referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

Swaddling is the specific term used to describe the practice of wrapping a baby tightly in cloths or a blanket so that their arms and legs cannot move. Snuggling, securing, and sneaking are not accurate terms to describe this practice.

Question 6

__________ in developing countries would be advised not to breast-feed.

Accepted Answer

Mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS have an increased risk of passing the infection to their child through breast milk. They are advised not to breast-feed to prevent transmission of the virus.

Question 7

Breast-feeding in developing countries is extremely important.UNICEF estimates that __________ babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed.

Accepted Answer

UNICEF estimates that 1.5 million babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed in developing countries. This highlights the importance of promoting and supporting breast-feeding practices in these regions to improve infant and child health outcomes.

Question 8

Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breast-feed, why is there such a low rate of breast-feeding in these areas?

Accepted Answer

Corporations that produce and promote infant formula often target mothers in developing countries with manipulative advertising campaigns that falsely suggest formula is more nutritious and healthier than breast milk. This marketing strategy undermines traditional breast-feeding practices and leads mothers to use formula, even when they cannot afford it or when they have access to safe, effective alternatives such as breast milk. Additionally, many formula companies distribute free samples to hospitals and health clinics, creating an incentive for medical staff to encourage formula use over breast-feeding.

Question 9

According to the text, which type of cry is not distinctive and can occur when the baby is hungry or lonely, has wet or soiled diapers, or is tired or uncomfortable?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, which type of...

Question 10

You and your father are having a heated debate regarding breast-feeding in developing countries.He claims that because of the shortage of food in some developing countries, we should provide formula to these mothers.You argue that breast milk is a better way to go and that a great number of children die because they are formula-fed.What do you tell your father regarding why formula-feeding is not really such a great idea?

Accepted Answer

Formula feeding in developing countries is not a great idea because the formula is often mixed with contaminated water, leading to 1.5 million infant deaths per year. Breast milk, on the other hand, is a safe and natural way to provide infants with all the nutrients they need, even in areas with food shortages. While some women in developing countries may not be able to breastfeed due to medical reasons, in most cases, providing support and education for proper breastfeeding techniques can significantly reduce infant mortality rates. It is important to address the root causes of food scarcity and poverty in developing countries rather than relying solely on formula as a quick and potentially harmful solution.

Question 11

When comparing the crying behaviors of South Korean infants to the crying behaviors of American infants, it is clear that __________.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is A because the behaviors of the mother influenced the average length of time an infant cries.

Question 12

The three distinct kinds of crying signals include __________.

Accepted Answer

Fussing, anger, and pain are recognized as the three distinct kinds of crying signals in infants, each with its own characteristics to communicate different needs or problems.

Question 13

Your next-door neighbors are going crazy.They brought their newborn home from the hospital only to find that he cries for long periods of time, and they do not know what to do about it.What would you tell them?

Accepted Answer

It is common for infants to cry frequently, even for no apparent reason. This is known as colic and affects many American babies. The parents should try different soothing methods like swaddling or using white noise to help calm the baby.

Question 14

In cultures in which babies are held or carried around much of the day, __________.

Accepted Answer

In cultures where babies are held or carried around much of the day, prolonged episodes of crying are rare. This is likely due to the fact that the infants feel more secure and comforted when they are physically close to their caregivers.

Question 15

Most parents can generally distinguish between the different types of cries their infants make at __________ month(s).

Accepted Answer

Most parents can generally distinguish between the different types of cries their infants make at 1 month.

Question 16

Which type of cry has a sudden onset with no initial fussing? The baby takes a large intake of breath and holds it then lets loose.

Accepted Answer

This type of cry is indicative of pain, as the sudden intake of breath and forceful release of sound suggests discomfort or injury. The lack of initial fussing also suggests that the pain may have come on suddenly and without warning.

Question 17

When a baby is fussing, the cry is closer to __________.

Accepted Answer

When a baby is fussing, the cry is usually a sign of mild distress or discomfort. It may also serve as a way to communicate their needs or seek attention from caregivers. The cry is not necessarily a sign of complete panic or a panic attack. While the cry may escalate to a higher level of distress, it generally starts off as a mild discomfort.

Question 18

Baby Jane was just bottle-fed by a babysitter.Having very little experience, her babysitter forgot to burp the baby.As a result of a buildup of gas, baby Jane is in extreme pain and begins to cry.Which of the following best captures Jane's cry?

Accepted Answer

A cry with a large intake of breath, briefly held, then let loose is typical of a baby experiencing pain or discomfort from gas buildup. This type of cry is often described as a "pain cry" or a "colic cry."

Question 19

__________ and __________ are two common techniques used in traditional cultures to comfort a crying infant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ and __________ are two common techniques...

Question 20

Which of the following is a reason why a mother should not breast-feed?

Accepted Answer

If the mother has an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or West Nile virus, it is not safe for her to breast-feed as there is a risk of transmitting the infection to the baby. The other options are not valid reasons for a mother not to breast-feed. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months of life, modern formula is not superior to breast milk, and the American Pediatric Association recommends breast-feeding as the ideal and optimal choice for infant feeding.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child