Question 1

Research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was redefined as the science of behavior by

Accepted Answer

John Watson redefined psychology as the science of behavior in the early 20th century, which led to a decline in research on consciousness.

Question 2

Alice decided that her dream of flying reflects her desire to escape from an unfulfilling marriage.What would a contemporary dream theorist say to Alice?

Accepted Answer

A contemporary dream theorist would likely believe that the dreamer is the best equipped to interpret their own dream, as they have the most personal knowledge and context about their own thoughts and experiences. Therefore, the theorist would support Alice's interpretation of her dream as reflecting her desire to escape from her marriage.

Question 3

Mark's mother is worried because he only sleeps about 4 to 5 hours per night.What would you tell her?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mark's mother is worried because he only...

Question 4

Twyla insists she never dreams; she is convinced of this because she has never recalled a single dream.If Twyla were tested in a sleep lab,it is likely that she would

Accepted Answer

Twyla insists that she never recalls a single dream, but this does not necessarily mean that she does not dream at all. Most people have dreams during the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep, and if Twyla were tested in a sleep lab, she would likely experience REM sleep. If she were awakened from REM sleep, she would be more likely to report a dream than if she were awakened from slow-wave sleep. Therefore, the best choice is B, as she would report a dream if she were awakened from REM sleep.

Question 5

People who rarely remember their dreams probably

Accepted Answer

Dream recall is highest when the last REM sleep period occurs immediately before awakening. People who rarely remember their dreams have their last REM sleep period a relatively long time before they awaken, which makes it less likely for them to remember their dreams. Non-Western cultures or being part of the 15% of the population who do not dream are not necessarily associated with low dream recall.

Question 6

Brittany had a dream in which she was arrested by a blue giraffe riding a motorcycle.Brittany is convinced the dream represents an unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding.According to Freud,Brittany's unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding would represent

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, dreams have both a manifest content (the actual events and experiences in the dream) and a latent content (the unconscious desires or repressed impulses that the dream represents). In this case, Brittany's belief that the dream represents her unconscious desire to cancel her wedding would be considered the latent content of the dream.

Question 7

The observations that both the setting in which a psychoactive drug is taken and an individual's expectations influence the drug's effect and individuals vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis best reflect which unifying theme in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The observation that an individual's expectations influence the drug's effect reflects the highly subjective experience of the world. The observation that the setting in which a psychoactive drug is taken influences its effect also suggests that people's experiences and perceptions of the world are subjective and can influence their behavior. This is an example of the unifying theme that people's experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 8

Thinking clearly about the circumstances of your waking life while recognizing that you are dreaming is referred to as a

Accepted Answer

Thinking clearly about the circumstances of your waking life while recognizing that you are dreaming is referred to as a lucid dream.

Question 9

The psychoanalyst interpreted his patient's dream of riding a horse as indicative of her repressed sexual urges.This interpretation constitutes the

Accepted Answer

The latent content of a dream refers to its underlying, unconscious meaning, which may not be readily apparent from the dream itself. In this case, the psychoanalyst's interpretation suggests that the conscious imagery of riding a horse is masking or symbolizing the patient's unconscious sexual desires. This represents a deeper, hidden meaning that the patient may not be aware of or able to express directly.

Question 10

Hunter was dreaming,but he knew that he was dreaming.During his dream he was able to control some of the events that occurred in the dream.In this case,Hunter is

Accepted Answer

Hunter is experiencing lucid dreaming, which is a dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming and may have some control over the dream's events. This is not specific to any sleep stage or brain wave pattern.

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding yawning is LEAST accurate?

Accepted Answer

While it was long believed that yawning was a response to a buildup of carbon dioxide, recent research has suggested that its exact cause is still not fully understood. Other possible factors that may trigger yawning include changes in brain temperature, boredom, stress, fatigue, and even social cues.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT good advice for avoiding sleep problems?

Accepted Answer

Varying the time when you go to bed at night is not good advice for avoiding sleep problems. It is important to establish a consistent sleep schedule to help regulate the body's internal clock and promote better sleep.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding the study of consciousness is accurate?

Accepted Answer

The 1960s marked a significant period where there was a renewed interest in studying various states and aspects of consciousness, influenced by factors such as the rise of cognitive psychology and the interest in altered states of consciousness.

Question 14

James is 40 years old; his sister Jasmine is 30 years old.Recently they both came home for their parents' anniversary party and stayed overnight.If you were to walk through the house while they were sleeping you might expect that

Accepted Answer

Men are more likely to snore than women, and snoring becomes more common with age. Therefore, James, who is both male and older than Jasmine, is more likely to be snoring while he sleeps. There is no evidence to suggest that snoring is hereditary or that either person is more likely to snore during a specific stage of sleep.

Question 15

The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies best illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

Accepted Answer

The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies suggests that our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. Different cultures may have different beliefs and attitudes towards dreams, reflecting the impact of cultural norms and values on psychological experiences and behaviors. This highlights the role of sociocultural factors in shaping psychology, which is a key feature of the unifying theme that psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context (B) and that our experience of the world is highly subjective (D) depending on the cultural lens through which we see it. However, out of these options, C is the most directly related to the variability of dream importance across cultures. The empirical nature of psychology (A) does not directly apply to this particular phenomenon, although it underlies the scientific study of such cultural differences.

Question 16

The observations that many approaches to meditation are rooted in Eastern religions and some societies use hallucinogens in religious practices best reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

The unifying theme in psychology that is best reflected in the observations that many approaches to meditation are rooted in Eastern religions and some societies use hallucinogens in religious practices is that behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. This highlights how cultural factors can influence psychological phenomena, and that understanding behavior requires considering the cultural context in which it is occurring.

Question 17

The fact that research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was redefined as the science of behavior,only to be reborn in the early 1960s,best illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

Accepted Answer

The fact that research on consciousness dwindled in the early 20th century and was later revived in the 1960s reflects the idea that psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context, as it was influenced by cultural and historical factors in the field at the time.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

Accepted Answer

The inability to remember dreams is often due to the time elapsed between dreaming and trying to recall the dream, as memories of dreams can fade quickly upon waking.

Question 19

According to Freud,the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in dreams is the ____ of the dream.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the literal events and images experienced during the dream, served as a cover or disguise for the true meaning or latent content of the dream. The latent content represents the unconscious thoughts and desires of the dreamer that are translated into metaphorical or symbolic imagery in the dream. Therefore, the latent content is the hidden or disguised meaning of the dream.

Question 20

Historically alcoholism has been categorized under all of the following labels EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Historically, alcoholism has been categorized as a personal weakness, physical illness, and mental illness, but it has never been categorized as normal behavior.

Quiz 5: Variations in Consciousness