Question 1

A researcher gathering his/her own data needs to convert raw data into a computer-friendly format or engage in data coding.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Raw data is often collected in formats that cannot be easily used by computer software, so it must be transformed or coded in order to be analyzed using statistical methods.

Question 2

A Z-score is a standardized measure that uses what two measures in one score?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A Z-score is a standardized measure that...

Question 3

Mr.Marsh discovers that the measure of association is zero in his data relationship.What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A measure of association of zero indicates that there is no correlation or covariation between the variables. This implies that the variables are statistically independent of each other. Therefore, option B, which states that zero measure of association means statistical independence, is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect since there may be other valuable information that can be drawn from the data. Option C is not necessarily true and requires further investigation. Option D is incorrect since zero measure of association does not indicate strong covariation.

Question 4

Scattergrams can determine linear relationships.A positive relationship

Accepted Answer

A positive relationship in a scattergram is represented by a diagonal line that starts in the lower left corner and extends to the upper right corner, indicating that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

Question 5

The power of multiple regression is an ability to control for many variables simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

Multiple regression allows for the inclusion of multiple independent variables to determine their simultaneous effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for the effects of other variables.

Question 6

A researcher shouldn't think about coding until halfway through the research process.

Accepted Answer

Coding should be considered and planned from the beginning of the research process, as it helps to structure and analyze data effectively. Waiting until halfway through the research process can lead to difficulties in organizing and analyzing data, as well as potentially missing key insights.

Question 7

Statistics refers both to a set of collected numbers such as existing statistics in the Statistical Abstract and a branch of applied mathematics.

Accepted Answer

Statistics can refer to both a set of collected numbers and a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

Question 8

Levels of significance tell a researcher whether a relationship among variables is likely due to chance alone.

Accepted Answer

Levels of significance are used to determine the likelihood of a relationship between variables being due to chance. A low level of significance (e.g. p < 0.05) indicates that the relationship is unlikely to be due to chance, while a higher level of significance (e.g. p > 0.05) indicates that the relationship may be due to chance.

Question 9

Why does a researcher assign numbers to variable attributes or categories in each variable?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does a researcher assign numbers to...

Question 10

What are three measures of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are three measures of central tendency?...

Question 11

If a researcher demands a very high standard of significance,he may make a mistake,saying there is no relationship in the population when in reality one exists.

Accepted Answer

By demanding a very high standard of significance, the researcher may set a level of rejection of the null hypothesis that is too extreme. As a result, even if there is a small but true relationship in the population, the sample data may not be significant enough to reach this level of rejection and the null hypothesis is accepted. This would lead to a Type II error, which is failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Therefore, the researcher may mistakenly conclude that there is no relationship in the population when in reality one exists.

Question 12

This measure is the most comprehensive measure of variability,giving an "average" difference between all scores and the mean.It is called what?

Accepted Answer

The standard deviation is the most comprehensive measure of variability that gives an average difference between all scores and the mean. The median is not a measure of variability, but rather a measure of central tendency. Z-score is a measure of how far a data point is from the mean in terms of standard deviations. The mode is the most frequent value in a dataset and also not a measure of variability.

Question 13

The distribution across the center of a curve can be measured three ways.What are they?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The distribution across the center of a...

Question 14

Multiple regression analysis is only for interval- and ratio-level data.

Accepted Answer

Multiple regression analysis requires the use of interval or ratio-level data, as it involves predicting a continuous dependent variable based on two or more independent variables. Categorical or nominal data would not be suitable for this type of analysis.

Question 15

It is sufficient to say when showing an association between an independent variable and a dependent variable that the independent variable causes a dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

Showing an association between an independent variable and a dependent variable does not necessarily prove causation. There may be other factors or variables involved that affect the relationship between the two variables. Further research and analysis are needed to establish causation.

Question 16

Mr.Marsh lost his codebook at a meeting.Is this a problem? If so,why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mr.Marsh lost his codebook at a meeting.Is...

Question 17

The arithmetic average is the most widely used measure of central tendency;it is also called what?

Accepted Answer

The arithmetic average is also commonly referred to as the mean.

Question 18

Because standard deviation is not easy to interpret,Dr.Mottle uses another standard measure that expresses scores on a frequency distribution in terms of a number of standard deviations from the mean.What is Dr.Mottle using?

Accepted Answer

A Z-score expresses a score in terms of the number of standard deviations from the mean, making it easier to interpret and compare scores across different samples or populations. It is calculated as (score - mean) / standard deviation.

Question 19

The plot of a positive directional relationship on a scattergram looks like a diagonal line that begins in the lower left and goes to the upper right.

Accepted Answer

A positive directional relationship on a scattergram shows a general pattern of increasing values for both the x and y variables, which appears as a diagonal line that begins in the lower left and goes to the upper right.

Question 20

Covariation and statistical independence are the same concept.

Accepted Answer

Covariation refers to the degree of association between two variables, while statistical independence refers to the absence of association between variables. Thus, they are not the same concept.

Quiz 9: Making Sense of the Numbers