Question 1

What is the definition of a holophrase?

Accepted Answer

A holophrase is a single word utterance that expresses a complex meaning. It is often used by infants before they develop the ability to form more complex sentences. Example: "mama" can mean "I want my mother to come here" or "Where is my mother?"

Question 2

Mary, a new parent, is embracing her daughter, Samantha.Mary can be heard speaking slowly to Samantha, at a higher pitch, and with pauses inserted between her words.What would developmentalists call Mary's speech pattern?

Accepted Answer

Mary's speech pattern, characterized by a higher pitch, pauses between words, and slower tempo, is commonly known as "Motherese" or "parentese". This type of speech is believed to aid in infant language development by capturing their attention and providing a simplified model for language acquisition.

Question 3

What is demonstrated by the textbook's case history of Genie?

Accepted Answer

The case history of Genie supports the hypothesis that there are sensitive periods for learning language. Genie was isolated and deprived of language input until the age of 13, after which she was unable to acquire language fully. This suggests that there are critical periods during which language must be acquired in order to develop normally.

Question 4

MATCHING
-Assimilation

Accepted Answer

Assimilation involves placing new information into existing schemas.

Answer: A
 Constructivism is the idea that children actively construct their knowledge.

Answer: H 
 The first year of life is a critical period for development.

Answer: O 
 Accommodation involves modifying existing schemas to fit new information.

Answer: K 
 The theory of psychosocial development describes children as being caught in conflicts.

Answer: L 
 The theory of psychosexual development begins in the third year of life.

Answer: M 
 Testing is often done in experiments.

Answer: P 
 Cultural setting can influence development and behavior.

Answer: R 
 Pavlov is known for his work on classical conditioning.

Answer: S 
 What we are currently aware of is referred to as the conscious mind.

Question 5

MATCHING
-Expressive language

Accepted Answer

Expressive language refers to the ability to communicate intentions, thoughts, and needs through language, which includes speaking, writing, and using sign language.

Question 6

MATCHING
-Overextension

Accepted Answer

Overextension is the use of a word to refer to a broader category of objects or events than it is typically used for. For example, a child who calls all animals "moo" is overextending the word "moo" to refer to all animals, rather than just cows.

Question 7

To the delight of her parents, 20-month-old Maya just exclaimed "Daddy go." What does this utterance represent?

Accepted Answer

Telegraphic speech refers to the two-word stage of language development in toddlers, where they use simple combinations of words to convey meaning, similar to a telegram. "Daddy go" is an example of this stage.

Question 8

In the 2011 Canadian Census, how many different languages were reported as a home language, or mother tongue?

Accepted Answer

The 2011 Canadian Census reported that more than 200 different languages were spoken as a home language or mother tongue, reflecting Canada's multicultural diversity.

Question 9

A child says "Off the ride I want," "can't you had remembered," and "keepers losers!" What type of errors do these statements illustrate?

Accepted Answer

These statements illustrate syntax errors, which involve the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. Syntax errors disrupt the conventional order, making the sentences difficult to understand.

Question 10

MATCHING
-Holophrase

Accepted Answer

A holophrase is a one-word utterance that conveys a sentence of meaning.

Answer: G
 This refers to words the child knows.

Answer: C
 This refers to both mental and motor items as they relate to development.

Answer: D
 The example given of "calling all animals 'moo'" is an example of a holophrase.

Answer: E
 Discriminating known objects from novel objects is an important developmental milestone.

Answer: M
 "Doggy go" is an example of a multi-word utterance.

Answer: H
 Stage theory of cognitive development is a theory proposed by psychologist Jean Piaget.

Answer: I
 This refers to the tendency for children to repeat behaviors that have a noticeable effect on their surroundings.

Answer: N
 This is referring to the use of words in general.

Answer: O
 This refers to understanding that items exist even when out of sight.

Answer: P
 The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morpheme.

Answer: Q
 This refers to the order of words in a sentence.

Answer: T
 This refers to learning that different animals have different names, which is an important developmental milestone.

Question 11

What is the relationship between MLU and chronological age?

Accepted Answer

As children get older, their MLU tends to increase as they develop their language skills. MLU is a measurement of the average number of morphemes per utterance, and as children learn more complex grammatical structures and produce longer sentences, their MLU will increase. Therefore, chronological age and MLU are positively correlated.

Question 12

MATCHING
-Piaget

Accepted Answer

Piaget is known for his research and theory on cognitive development. He studied how children develop thinking skills and understanding of the world around them.

Question 13

According to B.F.Skinner, some parents require that children's utterances of words be progressively closer to actual words before those words are reinforced.What term describes this language development?

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate the desired behavior. In this case, the desired behavior is the child's ability to produce actual words instead of babbling or non-verbal sounds. By reinforcing the child's attempts at forming actual words, the parent is using shaping to encourage language development.

Question 14

What is the definition of the mean length of utterance?

Accepted Answer

The mean length of utterance (MLU) is a measure used to determine a child's language development. It is the average number of morphemes (smallest unit of meaning) used in a child's typical sentence. Therefore, option A is the correct definition.

Question 15

MATCHING
-Primary circular reaction

Accepted Answer

Primary circular reactions involve the repetition of a chance event or behavior that initially occurred by accident, typically involving the infant's own body.

Question 16

You are visiting your friends, and you meet their daughter, Roberta.You are delighted to see such a happy child.You also notice that Roberta has begun using two-word sentences.How old is Roberta?

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to use two-word sentences around 24 months of age. This developmental milestone is part of their growing ability to communicate and express themselves more complexly.

Question 17

Natalie is 18 months old and mispronounces some words.Her parents are quick to correct her pronunciation.According to the research cited in the textbook, what is the most likely result of correcting Natalie's pronunciation?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that constantly correcting a child's pronunciation may actually slow down their language development as it can discourage them from speaking and communicating. It is important to still engage in conversation with the child and allow them to express themselves, even if their pronunciation is not perfect.

Question 18

Which of the following perspectives suggests that parents serve as models for the language development of their children?

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of modeling and observation in language development, and suggests that parents serve as models for their children's language acquisition.

Question 19

MATCHING
-Scheme

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING
-Scheme
...

Question 20

MATCHING
-Secondary circular reaction

Accepted Answer

Secondary circular reactions involve the repetition of actions that produce effects on the environment, indicating an early form of experimentation and learning in infants.

Quiz 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development

What is the definition of a holophrase?

Mary, a new parent, is embracing her daughter, Samantha.Mary can be heard speaking slowly to Samantha, at a higher pitch, and with pauses inserted between her words.What would developmentalists call Mary's speech pattern?

What is demonstrated by the textbook's case history of Genie?

MATCHING -Assimilation

MATCHING -Expressive language

MATCHING -Overextension

To the delight of her parents, 20-month-old Maya just exclaimed "Daddy go." What does this utterance represent?

In the 2011 Canadian Census, how many different languages were reported as a home language, or mother tongue?

A child says "Off the ride I want," "can't you had remembered," and "keepers losers!" What type of errors do these statements illustrate?

MATCHING -Holophrase

What is the relationship between MLU and chronological age?

MATCHING -Piaget

According to B.F.Skinner, some parents require that children's utterances of words be progressively closer to actual words before those words are reinforced.What term describes this language development?

What is the definition of the mean length of utterance?

MATCHING -Primary circular reaction

You are visiting your friends, and you meet their daughter, Roberta.You are delighted to see such a happy child.You also notice that Roberta has begun using two-word sentences.How old is Roberta?

Natalie is 18 months old and mispronounces some words.Her parents are quick to correct her pronunciation.According to the research cited in the textbook, what is the most likely result of correcting Natalie's pronunciation?

Which of the following perspectives suggests that parents serve as models for the language development of their children?

MATCHING -Scheme

MATCHING -Secondary circular reaction