Question 1

In __________ amnesia, the trauma prevents patients from remembering events that took place before the accident.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is when patients cannot remember events that took place before a traumatic event, such as an accident. Infantile amnesia is the inability to remember events from early childhood. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia. Dissociative amnesia involves a psychological dissociation from one's memory, often due to trauma or stress.

Question 2

Jessica was upset because she was unable to remember her 4ᵗʰ birthday party, and everyone in her family was always talking about that day. A cognitive explanation for Jessica's memory loss might suggest that

Accepted Answer

Jessica's ability to encode sensory input was limited due to her language skills, and at four, she was probably not interested in remembering her past.

Question 3

The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is known for its role in the formation and consolidation of new episodic memories. Studies have shown structural changes in the hippocampus, including increased activity and neural connections during the formation of new memories. While the cerebral cortex and frontal lobe also play a role in memory, the hippocampus is the primary brain region involved in the initial stages of encoding and consolidation of new episodic memories. The thalamus is primarily involved in sensory processing and relay, and may not have as significant a role in memory formation.

Question 4

________ are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces.

Accepted Answer

Engrams are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces. Neutral networks and memory circuits may also be related to memory processes, but they are broader concepts that encompass a variety of brain processes beyond just memory. Encephalograms, on the other hand, refer to the recording of electrical activity in the brain, but not specifically related to memory traces or engrams.

Question 5

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that

Accepted Answer

The research on the visual cortex of rats and the stimulation of synapses in sea snails suggest that memories may have neural correlates at specific sites, indicating that choice D is the best option. The studies showed that certain synapses are responsible for storing memories. Additionally, the research suggests that memories are not generalized throughout the whole brain, as indicated in choice A. Myelination, which is the process of forming a fatty layer around axons to speed up neural communication, is important for memory formation, so choice B is incorrect. While electrical circuits do correspond to memory traces, this is not the main finding of the research and does not represent the consensus regarding the biology of memory, making choice C incorrect.

Question 6

The surviving bodyguard in Princess Diana's car was unable to recall events immediately prior to the car crash. What did he appear to suffer from?

Accepted Answer

The surviving bodyguard appeared to suffer from retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of memory for events that occurred before a traumatic event, such as a car crash.

Question 7

Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a blur. Bill demonstrates __________ amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia. In this case, Bill is unable to remember the events leading up to the accident. Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall events from early childhood, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia, and traumagrade amnesia is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 8

Anterograde amnesia interferes with many memory processes such as

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia interferes with multiple memory processes, including focusing attention, encoding sensory input, and rehearsal. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Question 9

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called

Accepted Answer

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called long-term potentiation (LTP). Short-term potentiation (STP) may also occur after brief stimulation, but it only lasts for a few minutes, whereas LTP can last for hours or even days. Synaptic transmission and action potentials are involved in the process of LTP but do not specifically refer to the enhanced efficiency itself.

Question 10

All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been shown to play a role in memory EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following naturally occurring chemical...

Question 11

In __________ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, electric shock, or a surgical operation.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories following a trauma, such as a blow to the head, electric shock, or surgical operation.

Question 12

According to your textbook, which one of these statements is the most accurate regarding eyewitness testimonies?

Accepted Answer

The most accurate statement regarding eyewitness testimonies is that they are highly variable and easily influenced but often reliable. While eyewitness testimony should be viewed with caution, it can provide valuable information to investigations if certain precautions are taken, such as conducting interviews immediately after the event and avoiding leading questions.

Question 13

Which of the following is a cognitive factor associated with infantile amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Infants do not reliably use language to symbolize or classify events, which makes it difficult for them to remember events in a way that can be retrieved later. This is a cognitive factor associated with infantile amnesia. The other options may be related to memory development, but they are not directly associated with the phenomenon of infantile amnesia.

Question 14

When sea snails, such as Aplysia and Hermissenda, are conditioned, more of the neurotransmitter __________ is released at certain synapses.

Accepted Answer

When sea snails such as Aplysia and Hermissenda are conditioned, more serotonin is released at certain synapses.

Question 15

In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley was in reality looking for the biological basis of

Accepted Answer

Karl Lashley was specifically looking for the location of memory within the brain, which is the biological basis of memory. Mnemonics are tools used to enhance memory, repression is a psychological defense mechanism, and forgetting is the loss of previously stored memory, none of which were the focus of Lashley's research.

Question 16

Which of the following is a physiological factor contributing to infantile amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Infants have immature hippocampi, which do not fully mature until about two years of age. Additionally, myelination of brain pathways is incomplete for the first few years of life, further contributing to infantile amnesia. The limbic system is not directly related to infantile amnesia.

Question 17

One of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is a type of amnesia where a person is unable to establish new long-term memories after the injury or event that caused the amnesia. However, they may still have memories from before the injury or event. This means that they may be able to recognize long-standing relatives, but they would not be able to remember any new events or interactions with them after the injury. Additionally, anterograde amnesia does not typically affect emotional processing, so option D is not correct. Option B describes retrograde amnesia, where a person is unable to remember events that occurred before the injury or event that caused the amnesia.

Question 18

Which of the following are thought to be involved in the biochemical process of memory?

Accepted Answer

Both neurotransmitters and hormones are thought to be involved in the biochemical process of memory. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals in the synaptic gap between neurons, and they play a crucial role in the communication between neurons that underlies learning and memory. Hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, are released by the body in response to stress and can impact memory consolidation and retrieval. Therefore, both neurotransmitters and hormones are important in memory processes.

Question 19

A psychoanalytical explanation of infantile amnesia would suggest that

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytical theory, particularly Freudian theory, suggests that infantile amnesia is due to the repression of early childhood memories, which may include aggressive impulses and perverse lusts toward parents.

Question 20

The clinical effects of head trauma suggest that the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory may require

Accepted Answer

The clinical effects of head trauma suggest that the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory may require a period of consolidation, where the brain processes and stabilizes newly acquired information. This process can be disrupted by head trauma and result in memory impairments or loss. Configuration and drill and practice may enhance learning and memory, but they are not necessary for the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory. Myelination of brain pathways is important for efficient neural communication, but it is not directly involved in the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory.

Quiz 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Past--And Future