Question 1

Hippocrates influenced psychology by

Accepted Answer

Hippocrates is known for distinguishing medicine from religion by proposing that diseases, including mental illnesses, had natural causes rather than supernatural ones.

Question 2

According to the four humours (bodily fluids)theory of Hippocrates, depression is caused by an imbalance of

Accepted Answer

According to the four humours theory, depression is caused by an excess of black bile or melancholy. This theory was widely accepted in ancient Greece and continued to influence medical thought for centuries. However, modern medicine has since disproven the theory and instead attributes depression to a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Question 3

Benjamin Rush offered several treatment methods for the "insane", one of which included

Accepted Answer

Benjamin Rush believed that frightening patients could help cure their mental illness, as he thought it might shock them back to sanity.

Question 4

Early asylums were developed

Accepted Answer

Early asylums were developed to isolate and segregate socially undesirable people, such as individuals with mental illness, developmental disabilities, alcoholism, and other conditions that were believed to be contagious or undesirable by society. These institutions were initially established as a means of social control and to protect the public from those deemed as a threat to society.

Question 5

Egon, who lived in the Dark Ages, was receiving treatment for mental illness. Who was most likely treating him?

Accepted Answer

During the Dark Ages, mental illness was commonly viewed as a spiritual affliction. Monks were often the only ones with the education and resources to provide treatment, which involved exorcisms, prayers, and other religious practices. Psychiatrists did not exist during the Dark Ages, and asylums did not come into existence until much later.

Question 6

The first theory of deviant behaviour attributed the behaviour to

Accepted Answer

The first theory of deviant behavior attributed such behavior to demonic possessions, reflecting historical perspectives where supernatural explanations were commonly used to explain phenomena that were not understood, including behaviors that deviated from societal norms.

Question 7

One problem with early asylums was that they did not just admit people with mental illnesses, but also admitted people who were homeless or beggars. Why was this a problem?

Accepted Answer

Early asylums often served more as places of confinement rather than treatment centers, isolating individuals from society without providing the necessary care or rehabilitation for those with mental illnesses.

Question 8

In 1791, Cyrus was committed to an asylum in the United States. If he was treated by a supporter of Benjamin Rush, which treatment was he likely to have experienced there?

Accepted Answer

Benjamin Rush, a prominent physician of the time and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, advocated for bloodletting as a treatment for various conditions, including mental illness.

Question 9

While trepanning of skulls was rather common among Stone Age or Neolithic cave dwellers, there is also evidence that it was practiced among:

Accepted Answer

There is archaeological evidence suggesting that trepanning was practiced among West Coast Native American tribes, as skulls with trepanation marks have been found in that region.

Question 10

When it was believed that deviant behaviour was caused by being possessed by evil spirits, two known treatments of deviant behaviour were:

Accepted Answer

During the period when deviant behavior was attributed to being possessed by evil spirits, two common treatments were exorcism, which aimed to remove the evil spirit from the person, and trepanning, which involved drilling a hole in the skull to release the spirit or balance the humors in the body. The other options listed do not align with historical practices for treating deviant behavior attributed to possession by evil spirits.

Question 11

In the Middle Ages, mental illness

Accepted Answer

In the Middle Ages, mental illness was often associated with possession by evil spirits or divine punishment, and those who suffered from mental illness were often feared and stigmatized. In many cases, they were confined to converted leper hospitals, which were the closest thing to mental asylums at the time. Burning at the stake was a punishment typically reserved for accusations of witchcraft, and mental illness was not generally associated with magical powers. While compassion for those with mental illness varied throughout history and across cultures, it is generally agreed that modern treatments and understandings of mental illness are more compassionate and effective than those of the past.

Question 12

Who is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals?

Accepted Answer

Philippe Pinel is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals. He advocated for treating patients with compassion and understanding rather than fear and punishment. He is often credited with introducing the idea of moral therapy in the treatment of mental illness.

Question 13

Bedlam

Accepted Answer

Bedlam is the term associated with the chaotic conditions in early asylums, particularly for those with mental illness. It originated from the name of the Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, which was known for its inhumane treatment of patients.

Question 14

Expelling evil spirits by chanting and torture is known as

Accepted Answer

Expelling evil spirits by chanting and torture is known as exorcism. Somatic therapy involves physically-based therapeutic techniques, witchcraft involves magical practices, and Santeria is a religion that incorporates elements of Catholicism and African traditional religion.

Question 15

The 'Malleus Maleficarum' was

Accepted Answer

The Malleus Maleficarum, also known as the "Hammer of Witches," was a witch hunt manual written in the 15th century that provided guidance for identifying, interrogating, and punishing supposed witches. Its publication contributed to the widespread persecution of people (mostly women) accused of witchcraft during the Inquisition.

Question 16

When first introduced as a more humane form of treatment, moral treatment was

Accepted Answer

Moral treatment, when first introduced, was primarily accessible to individuals from the upper classes due to the personalized and resource-intensive nature of the care. It was not universally available to all who needed it, and its application was influenced by social and economic status.

Question 17

The Malleus Maleficarum was

Accepted Answer

The Malleus Maleficarum was a manual written in the 15th century which provided instructions for identifying witches and pursuing them legally. It included a list of symptoms of demonic possession, which were often used to justify the persecution of people accused of witchcraft.

Question 18

Demonology was the

Accepted Answer

Demonology is the belief that an evil being or spirit can inhabit a person and control their mind and body, often used historically to explain mental illness.

Question 19

The somatogenic approach emphasized by Hippocrates suggested that problems result from

Accepted Answer

The somatogenic approach, as emphasized by Hippocrates, suggested that problems result from natural causes such as physical factors, environmental influences, and genetic predispositions. This approach viewed mental illness as a medical issue that had a physical basis, contrary to the belief in demonic possession or dysfunctional beliefs and ideas. The idea of neurotransmitter imbalance was not a part of this approach since it is a more recent development in understanding mental health.

Question 20

Erin has been extremely anxious and depressed over a period of several weeks. An advocate for the somatogenic hypothesis would suggest which of the following explanations for her problem?

Accepted Answer

The somatogenic hypothesis views psychological disorders as having a biological or physiological basis. Therefore, a proponent of this hypothesis would suggest that Erin's anxiety and depression are caused by a biochemical imbalance in her body.

Quiz 1: Introduction: Definitional and Historical Considerations, and Canadas Mental Health