Question 1

What was involved in Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving" technique, used in the 1950s?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving" technique involved the use of subliminal messages, which were continuously played to the patient while they were in a drug-induced coma. The goal was to reprogram the patient's thoughts and behaviors.

Question 2

Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?

Accepted Answer

Mesmer was known for his theory of animal magnetism and often used theatrical methods in his treatments, including the use of magnetized objects and conducting sessions in elaborate settings, often wearing a robe to add to the mystique.

Question 3

If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you most likely receive?

Accepted Answer

Josef Breuer is known for using hypnosis as a treatment for hysterical paralysis, particularly in his work with Anna O., which laid the groundwork for psychoanalysis.

Question 4

Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?

Accepted Answer

Catharsis is the process of releasing and thereby providing relief from strong or repressed emotions. It is commonly used in psychology and psychotherapy as a means of helping individuals manage and cope with their emotions.

Question 5

Ivy experienced paralysis in her left arm, but there was no neurological basis for her symptoms. This is an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

Ivy's symptoms are consistent with hysteria, which is now more commonly referred to as conversion disorder or functional neurological symptom disorder. In this disorder, patients experience physical symptoms that are not explained by a neurological or medical condition, but rather are the result of psychological factors. This can include paralysis or loss of sensation in a limb, blindness, or even seizures.

Question 6

According to Canadian Press accounts, what did Montreal psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron, do to his patients that was of interest to the CIA?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ewen Cameron administered large doses of hallucinogenic drugs to his patients as part of his experiments, which were of interest to the CIA for their MK-Ultra program focused on mind control techniques.

Question 7

What was the reason for Charcot developing a psychogenic theory of hysteria?

Accepted Answer

Charcot developed a psychogenic theory of hysteria after his students induced hysteria in a woman without his knowledge, leading him to believe that the disorder could be caused by psychological rather than physical factors.

Question 8

In 1977, it was discovered that Dr. Cameron's "experiments" on Canadian psychiatric patients were secretly funded by:

Accepted Answer

In 1977, it was revealed that Dr. Cameron's experiments on Canadian psychiatric patients were secretly funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Question 9

Incidents involving people with mental illness engaging in violent acts, like Vince Li beheading a fellow passenger on the bus, create the _________ perception that people with mental illness are dangerous.

Accepted Answer

While incidents like the one involving Vince Li are tragic and often garner media attention, they do not accurately represent the vast majority of individuals with mental illness who are not violent. Therefore, the perception that people with mental illness are dangerous is false.

Question 10

What was NOT one of the reasons cited by Simmons (1987)that psychosurgery was so popular in Ontario between the 1940s and the 1970s?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was NOT one of the reasons...

Question 11

Simmons' (1987)review of archival evidence indicated several reasons for the use of psychosurgery (lobotomy)in Ontario, including

Accepted Answer

Simmons' review of archival evidence suggests that psychosurgery was carried out in Ontario out of curiosity. There is no evidence to suggest that it was used to increase intellectual capacity or to erase traumatic memories. The use of psychosurgery was not governed by Community Treatment Orders (CTO).

Question 12

What is the relevance of Mesmer's work to a psychogenic view of mental illness?

Accepted Answer

Mesmer's work was significant in promoting the idea that one person could influence change in another person's behaviour or symptoms through what he termed "animal magnetism." This idea is consistent with the psychogenic view of mental illness, which posits that psychological rather than physical factors underlie many mental health conditions. Mesmer's work is considered a precursor to hypnosis and other forms of psychotherapy, which rely on the power of suggestion and communication to promote positive change in individuals struggling with mental health issues.

Question 13

When was the last lobotomy performed in Ontario?

Accepted Answer

The last lobotomy in Ontario was performed in 1981. This surgical procedure, which involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, was used to treat mental illnesses but fell out of favor due to its severe side effects and the development of more effective psychiatric treatments.

Question 14

Linda Macdonald filed a lawsuit against the federal government after receiving "treatment" from Dr. Cameron, claiming that

Accepted Answer

Linda Macdonald filed a lawsuit against the federal government after receiving treatment from Dr. Cameron, claiming that her memory was erased for the first 26 years of her life. This was a result of the controversial psychiatric treatments she underwent, which were part of the MKUltra project.

Question 15

In Cameron's unethical experiments in Montreal, the practice of bombarding patients with subliminal messages such as "You killed your mother" was called:

Accepted Answer

The practice of bombarding patients with subliminal messages in Cameron's unethical experiments in Montreal was called "Psychic driving". This technique involved playing repetitive and negative messages to the patients through headphones for hours at a time in an attempt to break down their sense of self and erase their existing personalities.

Question 16

In the unethical experiments conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron of the Allen Memorial Institute at McGill University, patients were "treated" with all of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Although Dr. Cameron did conduct lobotomies earlier in his career, they were not part of the unethical experiments conducted at the Allen Memorial Institute. The patients were instead subjected to massive doses of LSD, shock treatment, and psychic driving.

Question 17

What was NOT one of the cited problems with Dr. Cameron's studies?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cameron's studies were criticized for several ethical violations, including lack of consent, use of massive doses of hallucinogenic drugs, and manipulations beyond acceptable medical practice. However, performing unnecessary lobotomies simply to understand how the brain works was not cited as one of the problems with his studies.

Question 18

What was the purpose of the treatments used by Dr. Ewen Cameron?

Accepted Answer

The purpose of Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments was to erase traumatic memories of patients' pasts, as he believed this would cure mental illness. He used a process called "psychic driving" in which patients were subjected to prolonged periods of sensory deprivation and repeated messages to the point of mental breakdown in order to "reprogram" their brains. His methods were controversial and unethical, and resulted in long-lasting harm to many of his patients.

Question 19

What is Montreal psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron renowned for?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ewen Cameron was a psychiatrist who conducted controversial experiments on patients at the Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal. He used a variety of techniques, including sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, and electroshock therapy, in an attempt to "brainwash" patients and change their personalities.

Question 20

Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in:

Accepted Answer

Breuer found that when hysterics recalled past traumatic events and expressed the associated emotions, their hysterical symptoms decreased. This formed the basis for his cathartic method of treatment, which aimed to help patients release pent-up emotions and heal from traumatic experiences.

Quiz 1: Introduction: Definitional and Historical Considerations, and Canadas Mental Health