Question 1

Cutting-edge findings from using fMRI to study children and adults at different ages and stages through the lifespan indicate that temperament ______________ throughout our lives.

Accepted Answer

Studies using fMRI have revealed that our temperament, or innate emotional and behavioral traits, remain relatively stable throughout our lives. This stability is thought to be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 2

Attachment is a construct that describes an enduring emotional bond that connects a child to caregivers.

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between a child and their primary caregiver, which is enduring and influences future social and emotional relationships.

Question 3

Based on cutting-edge findings using fMRI, developmental scientists may predict that a child who scores high on the inhibition scale may grow up to:

Accepted Answer

Studies using fMRI have shown that high levels of inhibition in children are associated with increased activity in the amygdala, which may lead to social withdrawal and anxiety in adulthood.

Question 4

Which of these behaviors would a developmental scientist most likely code as 'low' goodness-of-fit?

Accepted Answer

All of these behaviors are examples of low goodness-of-fit, as they demonstrate a lack of responsiveness to the needs and cues of the child. In option A, the parents are ignoring the child's distress cues. In option B, the parents are not responding to the child's cry but instead masking it with loud music. In option C, the parents are not responding to the child's hunger cues and instead prioritizing their family schedule over the child's needs.

Question 5

Harry Harlow looked at attachment using an ethological perspective.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow was a psychologist who studied attachment in monkeys using an ethological perspective, which is the scientific study of animal behavior in their natural environment.

Question 6

When 5-year-old Kori's parents see that she is distressed by the clown at her birthday party, they immediately try to soothe her and they help her avoid the clown for the rest of the party. This is an example of the way Kori's parents try to ______________ goodness-of-fit between Kori and her social world.

Accepted Answer

Kori's parents are promoting goodness-of-fit by recognizing their child's distress and taking immediate action to address it in a supportive and comforting manner. They are trying to create a match or fit between Kori's needs and preferences and the social environment she is in. By doing so, they are helping Kori feel safe, secure, and valued, which can foster positive development and well-being.

Question 7

A child's primary attachment figures are typically grandparents.

Accepted Answer

While grandparents may be important figures in a child's life, the primary attachment figures are typically the child's parents or other primary caregivers.

Question 8

Harry Harlow used baby panda bears to demonstrate attachment.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow is famous for his experiments on Rhesus monkeys, in which he demonstrated the importance of contact comfort and social interaction in the development of attachment. He did not use baby panda bears in his experiments.

Question 9

John Bowlby was one of the first developmental scientists to describe the role of attachment in determining healthy versus unhealthy adjustment during the first years of the lifespan.

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby is considered one of the pioneers in the study of attachment and its influence on development. He proposed that the quality of early attachment relationships can have long-lasting impacts on psychological and social development.

Question 10

Georgina, 9 months old, is very attached to her parents. When they take her on a playdate, she clings to her parents and appears particularly distressed when other adults, not her parents, reach out to hold her. Georgina is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Georgina's behavior of clinging to her parents and becoming distressed when approached by other adults is a classic example of stranger anxiety. This is a normal developmental phase that typically appears around 6-9 months of age and is characterized by a wariness or fear of unfamiliar people. Separation anxiety, on the other hand, is the fear or distress that occurs when a child is separated from their primary caregiver and is usually seen around 1 year of age. Distressed anxiety and caregiver anxiety are not recognized terms in developmental psychology.

Question 11

Ronnie, 10 months old, is very attached to his mother. When Ronnie's mother drops him off at daycare, he cries and demonstrates significant distress. A developmental scientist would conclude that Ronnie is showing typical signs of ______________ anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Ronnie's distress and crying when his mother drops him off at daycare is a typical sign of separation anxiety, which is common in infants and young children when separated from their primary caregiver. Stranger anxiety is a fear or wariness of unfamiliar people, while caregiver and attachment are broader concepts that refer to the emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver.

Question 12

Infants experience at least two types of normative and expected anxiety: _______________________ anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Infants experience both separation anxiety (when separated from their primary caregiver) and stranger anxiety (when encountering unfamiliar people). Both types of anxiety are normal and expected parts of development.

Question 13

Bowlby's work explains the attachment process through

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's work incorporates both an adaptive perspective and an ethological perspective, making it an eclectic approach.

Question 14

____________theory describes a way of understanding how the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship determines the context for emotional, social, and cognitive development during the first years of life.

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory describes how the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship impacts the child's emotional, social, and cognitive development during the first few years of life. Bowlby is the founder of attachment theory, but it is not the name of the theory itself. While caregiver-infant relationship is a crucial aspect of attachment, it is not the complete theory. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 15

The extent to which an infant can deliberately modulate behavioral and emotional responses is determined by the health and maturity of an infant's _______________ -regulation system.

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation refers to an infant's ability to manage their own behavior and emotions, which is essential for deliberate modulation of responses. A healthy and mature self-regulation system enables an infant to control their behavior and emotional responses in a deliberate and adaptive manner.

Question 16

When a developmentalist observes an infant showing flexibility with respect to the proximity he seeks and maintains between himself and his caregiver, and the infant remains calm while playing, the developmentalist would likely describe this infant as ______________ attached.

Accepted Answer

This description suggests that the infant is exhibiting secure attachment behavior, because they are showing flexibility in seeking proximity to their caregiver and maintaining calm while playing. Insecurely attached infants would exhibit more extreme behaviors such as avoiding contact with their caregiver or being overly clingy and resistant. The disorganized attachment style is characterized by inconsistent and unpredictable behaviors towards the caregiver.

Question 17

Infants can be classified by their attachment style in one of four categories.

Accepted Answer

Infants can indeed be classified by their attachment style in four categories, which are secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, and disorganized attachment.

Question 18

Joelle is 12 weeks old. She often smiles and stares at the people who are talking to her. Based on Bowlby's attachment theory, Joelle in the __________ phase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Joelle is 12 weeks old. She often...

Question 19

An infant who is _______________ attached is very likely to display very high levels of distress when separated from a caregiver and then mixed reactions when reunited with the caregiver.

Accepted Answer

An infant who is insecurely (resistant) attached typically displays high levels of distress during separation and mixed reactions upon reunion with the caregiver. Infants who are securely attached show distress during separation but seek comfort from the caregiver upon reunion and are quickly calmed by their presence. Infants who are insecurely (avoidant) attached show little distress during separation and may avoid or ignore the caregiver upon reunion. Infants who are insecurely (disorganized) attached have inconsistent and unpredictable behaviors during both separation and reunion.

Question 20

Bowlby proposed a _____-phase sequence of attachment.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby proposed a four-phase sequence of attachment, which includes the pre-attachment phase, the attachment-in-the-making phase, the clear-cut attachment phase, and the formation of reciprocal relationships phase.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy: The First Two Years