Question 1

Our human ancestry began more than 150,000 years ago in the high grasslands and wooded slopes of _____ Africa.

Accepted Answer

The earliest known human ancestors originated in Eastern Africa, particularly in regions like Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.

Question 2

Individuals are labeled as "antisocial" if they

Accepted Answer

Individuals are labeled as "antisocial" if they cannot inhibit aggressive impulses.

Question 3

Organisms that evolved to produce lots of offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy, whereas those that produce few offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy.

Accepted Answer

The terms "r-selection" and "K-selection" refer to two different strategies of reproduction. Organisms with an r-selection strategy tend to produce many offspring with little parental investment, while organisms with a K-selection strategy tend to produce fewer offspring that receive more parental investment. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the two reproductive strategies.

Question 4

Research suggests that newborns come into the world with mechanisms that predispose them to look at

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that newborns are predisposed to look at faces, even shortly after birth. This ability to recognize and focus on faces is thought to be an innate mechanism that supports early social development.

Question 5

Flavell suggested four ways in which the early predisposition and abilities of infants involve other humans. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not included in Flavell's four ways of how infants involve other humans. The other three ways are included in the options A, B, and D.

Question 6

At around nine months, human infants develop a form of social fear known as _____ anxiety, which drives the infant to maintain proximity and physical contact with the mother.

Accepted Answer

At around nine months, human infants often start to show signs of stranger anxiety, which is a form of social fear where the infant becomes anxious or fearful around strangers. This developmental phase is part of the attachment process, helping to ensure the infant stays close to familiar caregivers for safety and protection.

Question 7

Ainsworth described three patterns of attachment styles. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

The three patterns of attachment styles described by Ainsworth are anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, and secure. There is no attachment style called "organized."

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic pattern of behavior for an infant that has developed a secure attachment with its caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Infants with a secure attachment typically show distress when approached by a stranger (A) and when the caregiver leaves (B), but they also show exploratory behaviors when the caregiver is present (C). When the caregiver returns, the infant typically shows signs of pleasure and seeks comfort from the caregiver (not displeasure), indicating a secure attachment. Therefore, option D is not a characteristic pattern of behavior for an infant that has developed a secure attachment with its caregiver.

Question 9

Environmental factors are able to influence developmental processes from the earliest manifestation of the organism; in fact, all genetic processes in humans, with the exception of _____, can be influenced by environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

Blood type is determined by genetics alone and is not influenced by environmental factors. It is established by the alleles inherited from the parents and remains constant throughout a person's life.

Question 10

Newborn human infants show a _____ reflex when their lips are touched, and this helps a new mother begin to produce milk.

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex is when a newborn turns their head and opens their mouth towards anything that touches or strokes their cheek or mouth area. This helps them find the breast of their mother and begin the process of breastfeeding. The other options, such as licking and whining, are not specific reflexes that newborns exhibit in response to touch, and sucking is a related action but not the same reflex as rooting.

Question 11

Bowlby assumed that the relative immaturity of the human infant resulted in attachment being a _____ process in humans than in other primates.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby believed that due to the relative immaturity of human infants, attachment is a slower process in humans compared to other primates.

Question 12

Longitudinal studies on aggression show that

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies on aggression have shown that children learn to inhibit their aggressive impulses. This means that aggression is not entirely genetically based, but rather can be shaped by environmental factors and socialization. Boys do tend to be more physically aggressive than girls, but both genders are capable of displaying aggression. Therefore, option C is the most accurate choice.

Question 13

Suomi's studies of rhesus monkeys raised by their biological mothers or with peers suggest that early attachment relationships can have an important bearing on the development of _____ skills.

Accepted Answer

Suomi's studies suggest that early attachment relationships can have an important bearing on the development of interpersonal skills.

Question 14

Based on his experiments with infant monkeys, Harlow concluded that is _____ that binds the infant to the mother.

Accepted Answer

Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys showed that they preferred a soft, comforting surrogate mother made of cloth over a wire mother that provided food. This indicated that it was not just the provision of food (breastfeeding) that led to attachment but rather the comfort and physical contact provided by the mother figure (contact comfort).

Question 15

Biologically _____ abilities such as language are easily acquired and have been part of human life from the earliest times, whereas _____ abilities such as reading or higher mathematics require effort and are of relatively recent origin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Biologically _____ abilities such as language are...

Question 16

Burghardt suggested five criteria for characterizing play. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?

Accepted Answer

Burghardt's criteria for play include aspects such as spontaneity, pleasure, repetition, and non-functional behavior in the immediate context, meaning play is not directly related to survival or other practical functions. The statement that play is fully functional contradicts the essence of play being an activity not immediately necessary for survival or functionality.

Question 17

Human infants are born in an undeveloped state compared to other species; for example, the human brain grows to about _____ times its birth size.

Accepted Answer

The human brain grows to about 4 times its birth size, which is significant compared to other species, reflecting the extended period of development and learning in humans.

Question 18

The neuropeptide _____ may be related to the development of social attachment as well as the expression of social behaviors in females.

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin has been shown to play a role in social bonding and attachment in females. It is released during childbirth and breastfeeding, and also during intimate social interactions. Studies have shown that administration of oxytocin can increase trust, empathy, and social recognition in humans and animals.

Question 19

One common theory of rough-and-tumble play suggests that it is preparation for later

Accepted Answer

Rough-and-tumble play is often seen as a way for young animals, including humans, to practice the skills they will need for dominance challenges later in life. This type of play allows them to experiment with strategies and understand social hierarchies in a relatively safe environment.

Question 20

One important change in human lifestyle was the development of agriculture around _____ years ago, with its more fixed communities.

Accepted Answer

The development of agriculture began around 10,000 years ago, leading to the rise of more settled and complex societies. This marked a significant shift in human lifestyle from nomadic hunting and gathering to a more sedentary and agricultural way of life. Options A, B, and D are wrong as they suggest much earlier or later dates for the development of agriculture, which contradicts the historical and archaeological evidence.

Quiz 5: Developmental Processes