Question 1

Which of the following is an example of manipulation of the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

Manipulation of the independent variable involves intentionally varying or manipulating the variable of interest in order to see how it affects the dependent variable. In this case, intentionally varying whether male participants had their masculinity threatened is an example of manipulating the independent variable. The other answer choices involve either natural variation or intentional selection of participants based on a certain characteristic, which is not the same as manipulating the independent variable.

Question 2

Kendra is interested in the relationship between spirituality and aggressiveness.Which method should she choose if she is interested in eliminating spuriousness?

Accepted Answer

An experiment is the best choice because it allows for manipulation of the independent variable (spirituality in this case) and control of extraneous variables, thus reducing spuriousness. It also allows for the establishment of causality between spirituality and aggressiveness.

Question 3

The ________ condition is a condition in an experiment where the independent variable is manipulated.

Accepted Answer

The experimental condition is one where the independent variable is manipulated, while the control condition is one where the independent variable is kept constant. Random assignment refers to the process of randomly assigning participants to conditions, while within-subject design refers to a research design where each participant serves as their own control by being exposed to both experimental and control conditions.

Question 4

Which type of experiment is the purest form of an experiment because it allows the
Researcher to easily manipulate the independent variables,randomize participants
Into conditions,and control features of the experimental setting?

Accepted Answer

The laboratory experiment is the purest form of an experiment because it allows the researcher to easily manipulate the independent variables, randomize participants into conditions, and control features of the experimental setting. In a laboratory experiment, the researcher has complete control over the environment and can control extraneous variables that may affect the outcome of the experiment. This makes it easier to establish cause and effect relationships between variables. Field experiments, population-based surveys, and natural experiments are less controlled and may have more confounding variables.

Question 5

What is a necessary condition to establish causality?

Accepted Answer

To establish causality, the independent variable must come before the dependent variable. This temporal precedence is necessary to show that a change in the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable, rather than the other way around or some other factor entirely. Correlation (positive or negative) between two variables does not necessarily mean that one variable causes the other, and spurious relationships can falsely suggest causality.

Question 6

When participants notice the experimental manipulation,such as noticing that a job applicant is female (or male),this is known as

Accepted Answer

When participants notice the experimental manipulation, it is known as salience. Internal validity refers to whether the experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, external validity refers to the generalizability of the findings to the population outside the experiment, and reliability refers to the consistency of the results over time. None of these options capture the concept of participants noticing the manipulation, so D is the best choice.

Question 7

The degree to which a study establishes a causal effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is known as

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study is able to establish a causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, without the influence of extraneous variables or alternative explanations. Thus, internal validity is directly related to the degree to which a study establishes a causal effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 8

According to sociologist William T.Bielby,which of the following statements about research on gender and racial segregation in employment is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to sociologist William T.Bielby,which of the...

Question 9

Researchers have found that delineating clear hiring criteria

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when clear and objective hiring criteria are established and followed, it reduces the likelihood of bias in the hiring process. Having specific criteria to assess candidates helps eliminate subjective evaluations, such as the candidate's likability or "fit" with the interviewer, and allows for more objective assessments based on job-relevant qualifications and performance. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 10

What is the process that ensures that participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to experimental or control conditions?

Accepted Answer

Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment in a completely random manner, thereby ensuring that each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned to either the experimental or control condition. This helps to control for potential biases or confounding variables that could affect the results of the study. Convenience assignment (B) refers to selecting participants based on their availability or accessibility, which can lead to biased samples. Experimental group (C) and control group (D) assignment are specific to the groups themselves and do not address the process of how participants are assigned to those groups.

Question 11

Where do laboratory experiments take place?

Accepted Answer

Laboratory experiments take place in a setting where the experimenter ensures that participants notice the manipulation of the independent variable. This allows for greater control over the environment and reduces the likelihood of factors unintentionally interfering with the results. Clear manipulation of the independent variable can also be achieved in a laboratory setting.

Question 12

________ is when an apparent relation between two concepts is actually the result of some third concept influencing both of them.

Accepted Answer

Spuriousness is the correct term for when there appears to be a relationship between two concepts, but it is actually caused by a third, unmeasured variable. Triangulation refers to using multiple methods to confirm results, salience refers to the importance or prominence of a concept or factor, and external validity refers to the generalizability of findings to other populations or settings.

Question 13

What is a key feature of experiments?

Accepted Answer

Experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables and control of other factors to determine their effect on dependent variables.

Question 14

________ refers to the extent to which the conclusions drawn from a study generalize to a larger population or to a different setting.

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and situations beyond the particular study. It involves assessing whether the results of a study are representative of a larger population or if they are only applicable to the specific group studied. Internal validity, on the other hand, refers to the extent to which a study is free from systematic error or bias, while reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the measurement tool used in the study. Salience refers to the relevance or importance of the research findings to a broader audience or context.

Question 15

In establishing causality,which of the following conditions,in practice,is the MOST challenging?

Accepted Answer

Establishing causality is most challenging when there are other factors that could be causing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is important to control for these confounding variables in order to establish a causal relationship. The other conditions listed (existence of independent and dependent variables, correlation, and temporal precedence) are also important but are generally more straightforward to establish.

Question 16

Which method,because of its artificiality,is well suited for testing abstract theories about how the social world works?

Accepted Answer

Experimentation allows for manipulating variables in a controlled environment, which can help test abstract theories about the social world. Its artificiality allows for greater control over the variables being studied, making it a useful tool for researchers to test their hypotheses.

Question 17

What is the defining feature of an experiment?

Accepted Answer

The defining feature of an experiment is the intentional manipulation of the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Question 18

Which of the following is essential for establishing causality?

Accepted Answer

Random assignment is essential for establishing causality because it helps to ensure that any observed effects are due to the independent variable rather than other factors. Convenience assignment (B) does not control for extraneous variables, leading to spurious correlations. Double-barreled questions (C) and response set (D) are unrelated to establishing causality.

Question 19

Mihir is interested in understanding the relationship between social class and academic achievement.He is most interested in establishing cause-effect relationships between social class variables and academic achievement variables.Which research method should he choose?

Accepted Answer

Experiment is the best choice as it allows for more control over variables and can establish cause-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables being studied.

Question 20

The ________ experiment is the most common type of experiment.

Accepted Answer

Laboratory experiments are the most common type of experiment because they offer strict control over variables and allow for precise measurement of outcomes. They also allow researchers to manipulate variables in a controlled environment and minimize extraneous factors that could affect the results.

Quiz 8: Experimental Research