Question 1

Crisis bargaining is also known as:
A)credible commitment.
B)rejecting ideal points.
C)interstate war.
D)coercive diplomacy.

Accepted Answer

Crisis bargaining is a situation in which two or more parties engage in coercive diplomacy to achieve their objectives. The use of threats and other forms of pressure is common in crisis bargaining, which often involves the threat of war or other forms of violence. Coercive diplomacy refers to the use of threats and other forms of pressure to achieve diplomatic objectives, and it is often used in crisis bargaining situations. Therefore, the best choice is D, coercive diplomacy.

Question 2

In the figure,what do the words "Bargaining Range" represent?

A)The value of war to both A and B
B)The set of deals to which State A will agree
C)The set of deals to which both states will agree
D)The set of deals to which State B will agree

Accepted Answer

The "Bargaining Range" represents the set of deals to which both states (A and B) will agree. It is the area between the reservation points of each state, where they have some overlap in their preferences and can find mutually acceptable terms.

Question 3

A state's preferred outcome or settlement of a dispute is known as:
A)an ideal point.
B)a crisis.
C)a bargain.
D)diplomacy.

Accepted Answer

An ideal point refers to a state's preferred outcome or settlement of a dispute. It represents the best possible outcome for the state, considering its interests, values, and principles. Ideal points are often used in diplomatic negotiations, where states try to find a mutually acceptable solution to a conflict. It is not a crisis, as it refers to a desired outcome, not a problematic situation. It is not a bargain or diplomacy, as they are methods or processes used to reach a settlement, while an ideal point is the actual settlement that a state desires.

Question 4

Which of the following describes a crisis?
A)A state rejects an international agreement that most other states have ratified.
B)A state threatens military force to achieve its bargaining goals.
C)Two states decide to bargain over territory that both claim.
D)A weaker state has to bargain with a stronger state.

Accepted Answer

A crisis is a situation where there is a threat of violence or use of force to achieve political objectives. Threatening military force to achieve bargaining goals is the best example of a crisis among the given choices. The other options are examples of conflicts or disputes, but they do not necessarily involve the immediate potential for violence.

Question 5

Which is true of World War I?
A)Leaders expected the war to be the longest in history.
B)Leaders thought the war would be an average length and prepared for it.
C)Leaders expected the war to be short.
D)Leaders had fairly realistic expectations for the war.

Accepted Answer

Leaders on both sides expected the war to be short, with Germany anticipating victory within weeks. However, the war ended up being much longer and deadlier than anyone had anticipated.

Question 6

When two states decide to bargain:
A)they agree to divide the disputed good equally.
B)both agree to reject taking intransigent,all-or-nothing positions while negotiating.
C)both agree to reject the option of going to war over the conflict.
D)one state might end up giving in to all of the demands of the other.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When two states decide to bargain:
A)they agree...

Question 7

Why does anarchy cause war?
A)Men have evil inclinations that cause them to go to war.
B)No authority exists to stop a state from using force to advance its own interests.
C)Only a few states are strong enough to protect themselves.
D)Bargaining is impossible without a central authority.

Accepted Answer

Without a central authority to enforce rules and prevent the use of force by states, there is an increased likelihood of conflict and war as states pursue their own interests without constraint.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a civil war?
A)The United States' war against Al-Qaeda and radical Islamic terrorist groups
B)Armed conflict between FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia)guerrillas and the Colombian national army
C)World War I
D)The UN-sanctioned intervention to stop Iraq from taking over Kuwait

Accepted Answer

A civil war is a conflict between two or more groups within the same country or state. Option B describes an armed conflict between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) and the Colombian national army, both of which are based in Colombia. The other options do not fit the definition of a civil war.

Question 9

According to the strict definition of war,which of the following conflicts is a war?
A)A militarized conflict between Rwanda and Congo,in which 500 soldiers are killed
B)A skirmish between a Chinese and an American vessel in the South China sea,in which no soldiers are killed
C)An American drone strike against Pakistani militants,in which 50 people are killed
D)A conflict between India and Pakistan,in which 2,000 soldiers are killed

Accepted Answer

According to the strict definition of war, a conflict should involve a large-scale use of military force and result in significant casualties on both sides. The conflict between India and Pakistan mentioned in option D meets both these criteria and can be classified as a war. The other options involve smaller-scale incidents and lower casualties and hence cannot be classified as full-fledged wars.

Question 10

Why do states fight wars?
A)Most states are inherently aggressive.
B)They value something more than the cost of war and cannot come to an agreement.
C)They have too much information about other states and realize they could win.
D)They disagree over the rules of war.

Accepted Answer

States usually fight wars when they value something more than the cost of war and cannot agree on it. It might be territory, resources, power, or ideological differences. Most states try to avoid war because it is costly and destructive. However, when diplomacy fails to reach an agreement, states resort to force to achieve their goals.

Question 11

What do states hope to achieve by engaging in coercive diplomacy?
A)To make an adversary reveal information about their preferences
B)To force concessions by threatening to use force if no agreement is reached
C)To make their threats appear credible
D)To alter an opponent's ideal point

Accepted Answer

Coercive diplomacy is often used to pressure an adversary into making concessions by threatening force if no agreement is reached. This can include economic sanctions, military buildup, or other forms of pressure.

Answer: C
 For coercive diplomacy to be effective, the threats being made must be seen as credible. States engage in coercive diplomacy to make their threats appear legitimate and to increase the likelihood that their adversary will capitulate.

Both A and D could also be possible answers depending on the specific goals of the state engaging in coercive diplomacy. However, B and C are the most general and widely applicable reasons.

Question 12

Why would a state go to war to change another state's regime?
A)International law allows states to attack another state whose government makes threats against its neighbors.
B)War is the only way that democratic states can change authoritarian regimes into representative governments.
C)States will use war,when possible,to remove a regime in another country that is hostile to it.
D)A state would change a regime that refuses to trade with other states.

Accepted Answer

States may go to war in order to remove a regime in another country that is hostile to them. This is often done to protect their own interests and security. However, this action is usually controversial and can have unforeseeable consequences. It may also violate international law and norms.

Question 13

Why might states decide not to go to war over a disputed good?
A)The opposing side also has a legitimate claim.
B)The costs of war are higher than the expected benefits from war.
C)States always prefer to strike a deal rather than fight wars.
D)To be unpredictable.

Accepted Answer

States may decide not to go to war over a disputed good because the costs of war are often higher than the expected benefits from war. The economic, political, and social costs of war can be devastating, and in many cases, the costs of war may exceed the value of the resource in question. As a result, states may choose to strike a deal or negotiate a compromise rather than risk the costs and uncertainty of war. In some cases, the opposing side may also have a legitimate claim, making it difficult to justify going to war over the disputed good. While some states may view the threat of war as a way to gain leverage or intimidate the opposing side, in most cases, states prefer to avoid war if possible. Being unpredictable is not a reason for states to avoid going to war over a disputed good.

Question 14

Which of the following accurately describes the "bargaining range"?
A)The possible outcomes to which states can agree without going to war over a dispute
B)The amount of territory states claim in a dispute
C)The types of demands a state makes in a crisis
D)The number of actors involved in a dispute

Accepted Answer

The bargaining range is the possible outcomes or settlements which states can agree upon without resorting to war or violence over a dispute. It represents the zone of potential agreement between the parties.

Question 15

A state that provokes a crisis would most prefer:
A)to go to war to achieve its goals.
B)that the other state capitulate completely.
C)that the other side agree to negotiations over the dispute.
D)that a more powerful country intervene in the dispute.

Accepted Answer

A state that provokes a crisis would most prefer that the other state capitulate completely, as this would allow the provoking state to achieve its goals without the costs and risks associated with war, negotiations, or intervention by a more powerful country.

Question 16

Despite American threats,Afghanistan did not believe that the United States would be willing to engage in a lengthy war to remove its Taliban government from power.By disregarding such threats,Afghanistan doubted:
A)American capabilities.
B)American interests.
C)American resolve.
D)American honesty.

Accepted Answer

By disregarding American threats, Afghanistan doubted American resolve. This means they did not believe the United States had the determination to engage in a lengthy war to remove the Taliban government from power. It does not necessarily indicate a lack of faith in American capabilities, interests, or honesty.

Question 17

Which is an example of interstate war?
A)A government committing acts of genocide against an ethnic group,where several thousand civilians are killed
B)A government fighting a well-armed rebel group within its territory,where several thousand soldiers have died on the battlefield
C)Two governments fighting each other,where several thousand soldiers have died on the battlefield
D)A government engaged in counterinsurgency activity against an international group that employs terrorism,in which several thousand people on both sides of the conflict have died

Accepted Answer

An interstate war is a conflict between two or more states or governments. Choice C describes a situation where two governments are fighting each other, which fits the definition of an interstate war. Choices A, B, and D involve internal conflicts or conflicts between a government and non-state actors, which are not considered interstate wars.

Question 18

Which of the following is an explanation for the occurrence of war?
A)The outbreak of war is always random; therefore,it cannot be explained.
B)Misperceptions and mistakes by actors can lead to war between states.
C)Insufficient resolve on both sides leads to war.
D)States fight wars because they are generally costless.

Accepted Answer

Misperceptions and mistakes by actors can lead to war between states.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most common reason states have historically gone to war?
A)Two states claim the same territory.
B)A state resents another state's high tariffs on its imports.
C)The populations of two states are composed of two conflicting ethnic groups.
D)A state thinks another state is cheating on an arms-reduction agreement.

Accepted Answer

Throughout history, one of the most common reasons for states to go to war is territorial disputes, where two or more states claim the same land as their own. This has led to numerous conflicts, such as the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom, or the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine. The other options listed are also potential reasons for conflict, but they are not as common or prevalent as territorial disputes.

Question 20

In the figure,what set of deals does A prefer to war?

A)Costs to A + costs to B + value of war to B
B)Value of war to A
C)Those in the shaded area labeled "Bargaining Range"
D)Value of war to A + costs to A + costs to B

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the figure,what set of deals does...

Quiz 3: Why Are There Wars

Crisis bargaining is also known as:

In the figure,what do the words "Bargaining Range" represent?

A state's preferred outcome or settlement of a dispute is known as:

Which of the following describes a crisis?

Which is true of World War I?

When two states decide to bargain:

Why does anarchy cause war?

Which of the following is an example of a civil war?

According to the strict definition of war,which of the following conflicts is a war?

Why do states fight wars?

What do states hope to achieve by engaging in coercive diplomacy?

Why would a state go to war to change another state's regime?

Why might states decide not to go to war over a disputed good?

Which of the following accurately describes the "bargaining range"?

A state that provokes a crisis would most prefer:

Despite American threats,Afghanistan did not believe that the United States would be willing to engage in a lengthy war to remove its Taliban government from power.By disregarding such threats,Afghanistan doubted:

Which is an example of interstate war?

Which of the following is an explanation for the occurrence of war?

Which of the following is the most common reason states have historically gone to war?

In the figure,what set of deals does A prefer to war?