Question 1

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-transmits its signals via A-delta fibres

Accepted Answer

A-delta fibers are associated with mechanical nociceptors, which respond to mechanical damage such as cutting or pinching.

Question 2

Match the eye disorders, labelled a. through i., with their descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-eyeball too short

Accepted Answer

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too short, causing difficulty focusing on close objects.

Question 3

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-used for day vision

Accepted Answer

Cones are specialized photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for day vision and color vision. Rods, on the other hand, are responsible for night vision and do not detect color. Both rods and cones are found in the retina, but each type is specialized for different types of vision.

Question 4

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-contain opsin and retinene

Accepted Answer

Both rods and cones contain the photopigments opsin and retinene, which are crucial for the phototransduction process that allows these cells to convert light into visual signals.

Question 5

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-activates slow pain pathway

Accepted Answer

Polymodal nociceptors are responsible for activating the slow pain pathway because they respond to multiple types of stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical, leading to a slower, longer-lasting perception of pain.

Question 6

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-confer vision in shades of grey

Accepted Answer

Rods are responsible for vision in shades of grey, as they contain a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin that is most sensitive to low levels of light. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light conditions. Therefore, option B is not correct, and option C is also not entirely accurate since it includes cones, which do not confer vision in shades of grey.

Question 7

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-transmits its signals via C fibres

Accepted Answer

Polymodal nociceptors transmit signals via C fibers, which are unmyelinated and conduct signals slowly, responding to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli.

Question 8

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions.
-periaqueductal grey area

Accepted Answer

The periaqueductal grey area is primarily involved in the descending analgesic pathway, which modulates pain by inhibiting pain signals sent to the brain.

Question 9

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-high acuity

Accepted Answer

Cones are responsible for high acuity vision and are densely packed in the fovea, which is responsible for detailed vision. Rods are responsible for low-light vision and are more evenly distributed throughout the retina. Both rods and cones are necessary for color vision.

Question 10

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-used for night vision

Accepted Answer

Rods are used for night vision. Cones are used for color vision and are less sensitive in low light conditions. Both rods and cones are needed for normal vision, but rods are primarily responsible for night vision.

Question 11

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions.
-reticular formation

Accepted Answer

The reticular formation is involved in both ascending pain pathways and descending analgesic pathways, thus it plays a role in both the perception of pain and the modulation of pain.

Question 12

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-little convergence in pathways

Accepted Answer

Cones have little convergence in their pathways, meaning that each cone cell has its own direct connection to a bipolar cell in the retina. This provides a higher resolution and sharper visual acuity for color vision compared to rods, which have more convergence in their pathways.

Question 13

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-responds to temperature extremes

Accepted Answer

Thermal nociceptors respond to temperature extremes. Mechanical nociceptors respond to mechanical pressure or distortion, and polymodal nociceptors respond to various types of stimuli including temperature, chemical, and mechanical.

Question 14

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-three different types as a result of difference in photopigment content

Accepted Answer

Cones are responsible for color vision and have three different types due to differences in photopigment content, which allows them to absorb light at different wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue.

Question 15

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-much convergence in pathways

Accepted Answer

Rods have much convergence in pathways, meaning that many rods share one bipolar cell, leading to less visual acuity but increased sensitivity to low light. Cones have less convergence in pathways, meaning that fewer cones share one bipolar cell, leading to higher visual acuity but lower sensitivity to low light. Both rods and cones are not the best choice, as they have different properties in terms of convergence in pathways.

Question 16

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-low acuity

Accepted Answer

Rods are responsible for low acuity vision and function well in low light conditions. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color vision and do not function well in low light conditions.

Question 17

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions.
-thalamus

Accepted Answer

Thalamus is known to play a crucial role in regulating sleep and wakefulness.

Answer: K
 The meninges are the three layers of protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Answer: N
 The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for promoting the "rest and digest" response, which includes activities such as digestion, urination, and defecation.

Answer: L
 The substantia nigra is a part of the brainstem that is involved in reward-based learning and voluntary movements.

Answer: M
 The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication between the brain's two halves.

Answer: C and N
 Thalamus plays a key role in regulating sleep and wakefulness (C) and the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for promoting the "rest and digest" response (N).

Question 18

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-confer colour vision

Accepted Answer

Cones are responsible for colour vision, while rods are responsible for detecting light intensity and dark adaptation. Both rods and cones are located in the retina of the eye.

Question 19

Match the eye disorders, labelled a. through i., with their descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-eyeball too long

Accepted Answer

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is the condition where the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens. This causes light rays to focus at a point in front of the retina, rather than directly on its surface, leading to blurred vision when looking at distant objects.

Question 20

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-activates fast pain pathway

Accepted Answer

Mechanical nociceptors are responsible for detecting pain caused by physical pressure or injury. They activate the fast pain pathway which is responsible for sharp, immediate pain.

Answer: B
 Thermal nociceptors are responsible for detecting pain caused by extremes in temperature (such as extreme heat or cold). They do not activate the fast pain pathway, but instead activate the slower, more chronic pain pathway.

Answer: C
 Polymodal nociceptors can detect pain caused by a variety of different stimuli, including mechanical pressure, temperature extremes, and chemical irritants. They also activate the slower, chronic pain pathway.

Quiz 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -transmits its signals via A-delta fibres

Match the eye disorders, labelled a. through i., with their descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -eyeball too short

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -used for day vision

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -contain opsin and retinene

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -activates slow pain pathway

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -confer vision in shades of grey

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -transmits its signals via C fibres

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions. -periaqueductal grey area

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -high acuity

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -used for night vision

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions. -reticular formation

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -little convergence in pathways

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -responds to temperature extremes

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -three different types as a result of difference in photopigment content

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -much convergence in pathways

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -low acuity

Match the pathways, labelled a. through c., with the regions. -thalamus

Match the rods and cones, labelled a. through c., with their properties. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -confer colour vision

Match the eye disorders, labelled a. through i., with their descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -eyeball too long

Match the type of nociceptor, labelled a. through c., with the properties associated with each type of nociceptor. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -activates fast pain pathway