Question 1

Which model describes different emotions as points in a 2-dimensional space of valence and arousal?

Accepted Answer

The circumplex model proposes that emotions can be plotted on a two-dimensional space of valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low), creating a circular pattern. This model is commonly used in the field of psychology to explain and categorize different emotional experiences.

Question 2

Virtually all drugs that are used to treat psychopathology work by influencing

Accepted Answer

Virtually all drugs that are used to treat psychopathology work by influencing neurotransmitters. They can affect the synthesis, release, reuptake, or degradation of specific neurotransmitters, leading to changes in neural activity and ultimately changes in behavior and mood.

Question 3

Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with

Accepted Answer

Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with symptoms like muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment, which are commonly seen in conditions like Parkinson's disease.

Question 4

The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies is called the _____.

Accepted Answer

The fight response is part of the alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies.

Question 5

Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

Accepted Answer

Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called agonists. Agonists bind to a receptor site and activate it, causing an increase in the activity of the neurotransmitter.

Question 6

The neurotransmitter associated with the inhibition of anxiety is

Accepted Answer

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the neurotransmitter associated with inhibiting anxiety. It works to reduce activity in the nervous system, making us feel calmer and less anxious. This is why medications like benzodiazepines, which enhance the effects of GABA, are often prescribed for anxiety disorders. A) Norepinephrine and B) dopamine are neurotransmitters associated with arousal and reward, respectively. C) Serotonin is associated with regulating mood, among other functions.

Question 7

An enduring period of emotionality is known to be a _______.

Accepted Answer

A mood is an enduring period of emotionality that colors a person's entire emotional state. The other options refer to specific aspects of emotion, but not the overall enduring emotional state.

Question 8

The part of the autonomic nervous system primarily responsible for our "emergency" or "alarm" response to stress is the

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for our "fight or flight" response to stress or danger, which includes an increase in heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. This is our body's way of preparing to face a threat or escape from it. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for our "rest and digest" response, which promotes relaxation and digestion. The endocrine system and cortex may also play a role in our response to stress, but the sympathetic nervous system is the primary driver of the emergency response.

Question 9

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

Accepted Answer

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called antagonists.

Question 10

The neurotransmitter associated with the regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes is

Accepted Answer

Serotonin is commonly known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter because it plays a crucial role in regulating mood, behavior, and thought processes. It is involved in the regulation of sleep, appetite, and impulse control, among other things. A lack of serotonin has been linked to depression and anxiety.

Question 11

Balancing the "emergency" or "alarm" response to stress and returning the body to a state of "normal arousal" is a function of the

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for returning the body to a state of normal arousal after the emergency or alarm response to stress has been activated by the sympathetic nervous system. The endocrine system and cortex also play roles in the stress response, but neither is specifically responsible for regulating arousal levels.

Question 12

The neurotransmitter thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioral tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behavior or psychological disorders is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The neurotransmitter thought to regulate or moderate...

Question 13

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

Accepted Answer

The answer of The major function of the peripheral nervous...

Question 14

The most recent research evidence suggests that the relationship between the brain (structure, function, neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events) is best described as

Accepted Answer

The most recent research evidence suggests that the relationship between the brain and psychosocial factors is an interaction where both systems affect each other. This is known as the biopsychosocial model, which recognizes that biological, psychological, and social factors all interact to influence mental and physical health. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 15

The Greater the ___________ of the neural representation of a piece of information in the brain, the more likely that the person will be conscious of the information.

Accepted Answer

The greater the duration, intensity, and coherence of the neural representation of a piece of information in the brain, the more likely it is that the person will be conscious of the information. These factors contribute to a stronger and more stable neural activation, making the information more accessible to conscious awareness.

Question 16

Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that simple cause/effect conclusions linking a specific neurotransmitter abnormality to a psychological disorder are incomplete. While there may be some link between neurotransmitters and certain disorders, it is generally believed that psychological disorders are caused by a complex interplay of biological, genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Additionally, different individuals may develop the same disorder for different reasons, and the same neurotransmitter abnormality may contribute to different disorders in different individuals. Therefore, it is unlikely that each psychological disorder can be attributed to a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter, or that neurotransmitter imbalances are only relevant for severe disorders like schizophrenia.

Question 17

The current state of knowledge regarding genetics and life experience effects on brain structure and function concludes that most psychological disorders are

Accepted Answer

The current understanding of psychological disorders emphasizes the interaction and contribution of both biological (genetics, neurotransmitter circuits) and psychosocial factors (early life experiences, environmental stressors). While specific disorders may have varying degrees of biological or psychosocial influence, overall it is recognized as a complex interplay of both factors.

Question 18

The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is

Accepted Answer

Both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are associated with abnormal levels of dopamine in certain regions of the brain. Schizophrenia is characterized by an overactivity of dopaminergic pathways, while Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain.

Question 19

When comparing the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behavior with the brains of rats raised as "couch potatoes" (Greenough, et al., 1990), the cerebellums of the more active rats

Accepted Answer

The study found that the cerebellums of the more active rats contained more neuronal connections and dendrites, indicating greater neural complexity and potential for learning and motor behavior.

Question 20

The conscious subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion, which is a key component of how individuals interact with the world. It is the conscious subjective aspect of an emotion that one might feel during an action or at a given time.

Quiz 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology