Question 1

Based on Loftus's 1978 study,subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident,and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car.When these same subjects were asked about the colour of the car at the accident,they were found to be confused.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the misinformation effect, where the subject's memory is influenced by misleading information provided after the event. In this case, the question about the blue car created a false memory that influenced the subject's recall of the car's color in the actual accident.

Question 2

Stephen Truscott was wrongly convicted for the murdered of a 14-year-old-girl.Truscott's case demonstrates concerns about:

Accepted Answer

Truscott's case suggests that false memories can be created during investigation or interrogation, leading to an incorrect conviction. This is an example of the false positive effect in memory retrieval, where a person incorrectly identifies a stimulus as being part of a particular memory. The other options do not accurately reflect Truscott's case.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is NOT a true statement about research findings pertaining to the serial position effect?

Accepted Answer

All other options (A, B, and C) are true statements about research findings on the serial position effect. Option D is false, as research has shown that even young children exhibit the serial position effect when trying to recall information from memory.

Question 4

As memories get older,they are most likely to:

Accepted Answer

As memories get older, they become more susceptible to distortion and alteration, either by additional information or simply by the passage of time. Therefore, they are likely to become changed or altered in some fashion. While some memories may fade or be forgotten altogether, this is not necessarily the case for all memories as they get older. Also, the accuracy and vividness of memories can be affected by a variety of factors, such as the emotional significance of the event or the context in which it occurred. Therefore, option B is not the best choice. While it is possible for a person to question the reliability of their own memories, there is no indication that this is the most likely outcome for memories as they age, making option C less likely.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about hypnosis and memory is not true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis can make it easier to recall both real and false memories. However, there is evidence to suggest that using age regression during hypnosis can increase the likelihood of false memories.

Question 6

When given a list of items to remember,you are more likely to remember:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the serial position effect. The items at the beginning of the list are more likely to be remembered due to the primacy effect, as they have more time to be rehearsed and encoded into memory. The items at the end of the list are more likely to be remembered due to the recency effect, as they are still fresh in memory when recall is tested. The items in the middle of the list are often overlooked or confused with other items, leading to a lower recall rate. Therefore, the best choice is D, which suggests that the items at the beginning and end are most likely to be remembered.

Question 7

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime.Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

Accepted Answer

Eyewitness testimony is not always reliable as it can be influenced by various factors such as suggestion or bias, resulting in false positive identifications. Research has shown that even confident eyewitnesses can make erroneous identifications, so it is important to consider other evidence and not rely solely on sole testimony.

Question 8

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together.You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother.Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other.This argument is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has...

Question 9

According to the Innocence Project at Osgoode Hall Law School at York University,an estimated 25 percent of wrongful convictions involve faulty eyewitness testimony,as distinguished from identification error.The memory process closely associated with faulty eyewitness testimony is called:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the Innocence Project at Osgoode...

Question 10

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list.This is known as the ______ effect.

Accepted Answer

Recency effect refers to the tendency of people to remember the most recently presented items or information better than those presented earlier. In contrast, primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first items on the list. The misinformation effect refers to a phenomenon where people's memory is altered based on misleading information they received after the event. Serial position effect encompasses both the recency and primacy effects.

Question 11

Retrieving information from LTM is done by assembling information from various brain locations and literally forming memories from these various pieces stored away at encoding.This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Constructive processing refers to the process of retrieving memories by piecing together stored information, often reconstructing the memory from various elements.

Question 12

Most people born before the middle 1990s can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing on the day of the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before the event.The 9/11 memory is an example of a/an:

Accepted Answer

The 9/11 memory is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is a highly vivid and emotional memory of a significant event that is retained in detail even years later. This type of memory is often associated with unexpected and emotionally charged events, and is characterized by a high level of confidence in the accuracy of the memory, despite the fact that it may be subject to distortion or errors over time. False positive memory refers to a memory that is not based on any actual experience, while semantic memory refers to the general knowledge about the world that is stored in our long-term memory. Eyewitness memory is a type of memory that is based on information gathered from watching an event unfold, and is often prone to errors and distortions.

Question 13

Flashbulb memories:

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories usually concern events that have strong emotional associations. These memories are often vivid and detailed, but they can still be subject to decay and alterations over time.

Question 14

Memories that concern events that are highly significant,with strong emotional associations,and are vividly remembered are called ___________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly significant memories that are associated with a strong emotional response and are remembered vividly. They often relate to major historical events or personal experiences that are perceived as shocking or traumatic. Examples include the memory of where one was and what they were doing when they heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks or the death of a loved one.

Question 15

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list.This is known as the ______ effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the phenomenon where people recall items at the beginning of a list more easily than those in the middle.

Question 16

A __________ occurs when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory.

Accepted Answer

False positives occur when a person mistakenly identifies a stimulus as being part of a real memory when it is actually just similar to the real memory. Retrieval errors refer to difficulties in recalling information that has been previously learned. Recency effect is the tendency to better remember information that was recently learned. Misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory is altered by misleading information.

Question 17

What was the outcome of Porter and Peace's research about childhood victims of trauma and memory?

Accepted Answer

Porter and Peace's research found that victims may actually be able to recall the details of traumatic events such as physical or sexual assault later with as much clarity as on the day they happened. This contradicts the idea that traumatic memories are easily repressed or altered by suggestion.

Question 18

The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been:

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus has been the most influential researcher into eyewitness memory, particularly in her work on the malleability of memory and the effects of leading questions on recall.

Question 19

An example of a testing format that uses memory recognition is:

Accepted Answer

Matching requires a student to recognize information from one column and match it to information in another column, testing their memory recognition skills. Essay and short answer formats require more recall and synthesis skills, while fill in the blanks requires students to recall words or phrases rather than recognizing them.

Question 20

McGill researcher Maggie Bruck tested Loftus's theory about suggestion and accuracy of memory recall using children as subjects.When given misleading information,children were more likely to later report:

Accepted Answer

Maggie Bruck's research found that children were more likely to report false memories influenced by suggestion when given misleading information, supporting Loftus's theory about suggestion and accuracy of memory recall.

Quiz 6: Memory