Question 1

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. What type of lawsuit will Jeff be able to file against his aggressors?

Accepted Answer

Jeff will be able to file a civil lawsuit against his aggressors for the damages he sustained. A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or injury to someone, which is exactly what the aggressors did to Jeff. A criminal lawsuit is brought by the state for violations of criminal law, and Jeff is not the one bringing the lawsuit in this case. Motion is not a type of lawsuit.

Question 2

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. The theory that Jeff's habit of going to bars late at night leads to crime is called _________ theory.

Accepted Answer

The theory that Jeff's habit of going to bars late at night, coupled with the presence of obnoxious rival fans, led to the incident is best explained by the routine activities theory. This theory posits that for a crime to occur, three things need to happen: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. In this case, the motivated offender was the member of the rival fans group who threw the punch, the suitable target was Jeff and his coworkers, and the absence of a capable guardian was the lack of proper security measures in place at the bar.

Question 3

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that leads to their own victimization is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Victim precipitation refers to when victims play a role in the context or triggering of the action that leads to their own victimization. In other words, the victim's behavior or actions contribute to their own victimization. This concept is often used in criminology to explain how some victims may unintentionally contribute to their own victimization.

Question 4

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. A theory that Dominic's body type made him more likely to commit crimes utilizes the theory of ____ traits.

Accepted Answer

The theory that a person's physical characteristics or body type can predispose them to criminal behavior is known as criminogenic traits. This theory suggests that certain physical traits, such as a stocky build or a low forehead, may contribute to an individual's likelihood of committing crimes. This concept has been largely discredited by modern criminologists, who believe that social, cultural, and psychological factors are much more influential in determining criminal behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following is most closely linked to exposure to crime?

Accepted Answer

Living in a city is most closely linked to exposure to crime as cities generally have higher crime rates compared to suburban, rural or higher income areas.

Question 6

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. After her release from prison,Christina eventually moved to an upscale neighborhood and began a committed,stable relationship.She is now a different person and has no interest in crime.Which major theory of criminality would best explain this change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Christina is a single mother of two...

Question 7

Herbert Needleman connected juvenile delinquency with

Accepted Answer

Herbert Needleman's research found a correlation between high levels of lead in children's blood and an increase in aggressive behavior and delinquency.

Question 8

Women's share of arrests is the highest for which type of crime?

Accepted Answer

Women's share of arrests is highest for larceny/theft, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. In fact, women account for about two-thirds of all larceny/theft arrests. Women's share of arrests for other types of crimes, such as robbery and murder, is much lower.

Question 9

Which of the following foods has been found to reduce hostility in young people?

Accepted Answer

Salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids which have been linked to reduced aggression and hostility in young people.

Question 10

Which is not a reason that poorer individuals are at greater risk of being victimized by crime?

Accepted Answer

Poorer individuals are often concentrated in high crime areas due to the lower cost of housing. Their inability to afford to move to safer areas puts them at greater risk of victimization. However, the other choices (A, C, and D) are valid reasons why poorer individuals may be at greater risk of being victimized by crime.

Question 11

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. The concept that Christina's criminal behavior can be traced to her childhood is called

Accepted Answer

Social process theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others and upbringing, such as Christina's exposure to violence and drug use in her childhood. This theory emphasizes the importance of socialization and the impact of environment on criminal behavior.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?

Accepted Answer

The Justice for All Act guarantees the right to reasonable notice, the right to confer with the federal prosecutor, and the right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay. However, it does not guarantee the right to be questioned by the accused, as that could potentially violate the accused's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

Question 13

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. If Christina's depression led to her criminal behavior,this would be an example of

Accepted Answer

Christina's behavior is best explained by psychological theory as her depression led her to engage in criminal activities. Gender theory is not applicable in this scenario as her criminal behavior is not related to her gender. Life course theory and sociological theory may have some relevance in understanding Christina's past experiences, but they do not explain her criminal behavior as directly as psychological theory does.

Question 14

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his peer group.Edwin Sutherland would refer to this as

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who have deviant attitudes and values. In this case, Dominic was recruited by his peer group, which suggests that he was exposed to a subculture that condoned and encouraged gang behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?

Accepted Answer

The positivist criminology approach does not believe that human behavior is determined by free will, so option B is not a feature of this approach. The other options are features of positivist criminology, including the belief that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, that criminals are different from noncriminals, and that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and treat deviants.

Question 16

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. Because Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him,his actions are called

Accepted Answer

Jeff's actions are an example of victim precipitation, which refers to a situation where the victim unintentionally provokes the offender. In this case, Jeff asked the group to quiet down, which may have provoked them to become more aggressive and ultimately harm him.

Question 17

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. Dominic moved on from the gang at a crucial point in his life.Which theory would Dominic's case best support?

Accepted Answer

Dominic's case is a clear example of how life events and experiences can impact an individual's trajectory. Life course theory suggests that people's lives are shaped by their experiences and choices throughout their lifetimes, which can have lasting effects on their future opportunities and outcomes. Dominic's decision to leave the gang and pursue education and a career as a teacher is an example of how individual choices and experiences can lead to positive outcomes.

Question 18

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. Jeff has never had a bar fight before.Therefore,Jeff is an example of

Accepted Answer

Jeff is the victim of the bar fight and the resulting brain injury. The situation he found himself in was one of situational victimization, as he did not intentionally put himself in danger and was caught up in the violence that erupted. The other choices do not accurately describe Jeff's situation.

Question 19

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because she does not have

Accepted Answer

Freda Adler's theory suggests that crime can result from inequalities in society, including gender inequalities. Christina's background and the challenges she faced, including the absence of a supportive family structure and falling into substance abuse, align with Adler's perspective that inequalities can lead to criminal behavior.

Question 20

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. An agency offers to help Jeff navigate the court system free of charge.This group is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A victim assistance program is an agency that offers free help to individuals who have been victims of crime. This includes navigating the court system, providing emotional support, and helping victims access resources such as counseling or financial assistance. Jeff was a victim of the bar brawl, and the agency is offering to help him navigate the court system, which makes them a victim assistance program. Thus, D is the correct answer. A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the agency that is helping Jeff. A is incorrect because the situation does not involve protecting an inmate. B is incorrect because the agency is not focused solely on providing legal aid. C is incorrect because there is no mention of an offender support coalition.

Quiz 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior