Question 1

Unlike Sigmund Freud,contemporary psychologists view the cognitive unconscious as:

Accepted Answer

Contemporary psychologists view the cognitive unconscious as having a more specific, rule-governed influence on behavior, in contrast to Freud's view of the unconscious as driven by primal and irrational forces. Cognitive psychologists focus on how the unconscious mind influences perception, memory, and decision-making, and consider it a more controlled and systematic process.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,the first developmental stage is:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's first developmental stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during the first year of life. In this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on whether their needs are met consistently and appropriately. This stage lays the foundation for later stages of development.

Question 3

Joey listens to a song that includes words such as kill,beat,slaughter,and hurt.Research on subliminal research suggests that Joey will:

Accepted Answer

Subliminal research has shown that exposure to violent or aggressive words may increase physiological arousal, but it does not necessarily lead to violent behavior. Therefore, it is likely that Joey will not commit a violent act after listening to this song.

Question 4

In the context of the stages of personality development,both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson _____.

Accepted Answer

Both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson maintained the notion of fixation, which refers to becoming stuck at a particular stage of development due to unresolved conflicts. They also both believed in the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality. However, they differed in their theories about the nature of the conflicts at each stage (Freud believed they were sexual in nature, while Erikson saw them as social) and the time span of development (Freud focused on the first five or six years, while Erikson extended the stages throughout the lifespan).

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson,infants who are not well taken care of and who never receive the love and care they need are most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development labels the first stage as "trust versus mistrust." Infants who are not provided with the care and love they require may develop a sense of mistrust in others, which can impact their relationships and interactions with others throughout their lives. Option A is not valid since it belongs to a subsequent phase of Erikson's theory. Options B and C seem incorrect because they both refer to subsequent phases of Erikson's theory.

Question 6

_____ is a technique that makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed.

Accepted Answer

Priming is a technique that increases the accessibility of specific information in memory by activating related concepts. These concepts are more likely to be brought into conscious awareness when primed, as compared to when they are not primed.

Question 7

In the context of the stages of personality development,Erik Erikson believed that:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson believed that each stage of personality development represented a conflict or crisis that needed to be resolved in order to move on to the next stage. These conflicts were not necessarily psychosexual in nature but rather psychosocial, involving the individual's relationships with others and their sense of identity. Fixation may occur if these conflicts are not successfully resolved. While the stages follow a general order, they can be experienced at different ages and in different sequences for each individual.

Question 8

Three-year-old Sandra loves to dress like her mother,wear her mother's makeup,and pretend doing household chores.This scenario most likely illustrates Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage is characterized by children beginning to assert control and power over their environment through directing play and other social interactions. Sandra's imitation of her mother and engaging in pretend play are indicative of her taking initiative, which is a key aspect of this stage, typically observed in children aged 3 to 5 years.

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson,_____ refers to the desperation and confusion a person feels when he or she has not developed a strong sense of identity.

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, identity crisis refers to the desperation and confusion a person feels when he or she has not developed a strong sense of identity. The false consensus effect and imagination inflation effect are not related to Erikson's theory, and while identity confusion could be a possible answer, it does not encompass the full definition that Erikson provided.

Question 10

According to ego psychology,which of the following is seen as the primary function of the ego?

Accepted Answer

Ego psychology stresses the importance of the ego in establishing a secure and stable identity, which enables individuals to navigate the demands and challenges of the external world. While the ego must also balance the demands of the id and superego, establishing a secure identity is seen as the primary function. The ego is seen as responsible for managing conflicts and finding a compromise between the demands of the id, superego, and external reality. Upholding social values and ideals is viewed as a secondary function of the ego.

Question 11

The _____ view holds that the unconscious mind can cause behavior.

Accepted Answer

The motivated unconscious view suggests that unconsciously held motives or desires can drive behavior. It is a key perspective in psychoanalytic theory and helps to explain why individuals may engage in seemingly irrational or inexplicable behaviors. The cognitive unconscious view, in contrast, emphasizes automatic or non-conscious mental processes, while priming refers to the activation of mental representations through exposure to related stimuli. Confirmatory bias, on the other hand, refers to the tendency to seek out or interpret information in ways that confirm existing beliefs or expectations.

Question 12

Research on subliminal perception suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on subliminal perception suggests that:
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Question 13

Erik Erikson believed that each stage of development was marked by a _____ conflict.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasizes that each stage is marked by a crisis or conflict that must be resolved in order for individuals to successfully move on to the next stage. These conflicts involve navigating important relationships and achieving balance between opposing forces, such as autonomy vs. shame and doubt during the stage of autonomy vs. shame (ages 1-3).

Question 14

Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis focused on the _____,but later psychoanalysts felt that the _____ deserved more attention.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalysis emphasized the id, which is the instinctual and unconscious part of the mind. Later psychoanalysts, like those in the ego psychology movement, believed that the ego, which deals with reality and mediates between the id and superego, deserved more attention.

Question 15

According to Erik Erikson,overprotective parents can contribute to a child's sense of:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies stages of development throughout the life span, and the corresponding challenges or "crises" that individuals must face in order to successfully navigate each stage. During the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt (ages 1-3), children are developing a sense of independence and autonomy. Overprotective parents can hinder this development by not allowing the child to explore and make mistakes on their own, leading to a sense of doubt and lack of confidence in their ability to accomplish tasks independently. Therefore, the correct answer is C) doubt.

Question 16

The approach to psychoanalysis started by Erik Erikson is called:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's approach to psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of the ego in personality development, which is why it is called ego psychology. This approach focuses on the ego's role in mediating between the id (our primal impulses and desires) and the external world, as well as the ego's ability to adapt and develop throughout the lifespan.

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely a poor outcome of Erik Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of personality development?

Accepted Answer

Children becoming resigned to failure is a poor outcome of Erik Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage, as this stage focuses on children beginning to assert power and control over their world through directing play and other social interactions. Failure in this stage leads to feelings of guilt and, as indicated, a resignation to failure.

Question 18

Joan constantly listens to the music composed by her favorite musical group that is known for its positive,upbeat religious music.From the cognitive unconscious perspective,Joan will most likely:

Accepted Answer

From the cognitive unconscious perspective, listening to music does not necessarily result in significant changes in behavior or personality. While the music may positively influence Joan's mood or emotions, it is unlikely to have a significant impact on her overall self.

Question 19

A good outcome of the _____ stage is when a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things.

Accepted Answer

The stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs during the toddler years (ages 1-3) when children are learning to assert their independence and develop self-control. A good outcome of this stage is when a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things, which aligns with the statement in the question. The other options (initiative versus guilt, trust versus mistrust, and identity versus role confusion) are stages that occur later in childhood and adolescence.

Question 20

Which of the following best characterizes Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis is often referred to as Id psychology, which emphasizes the role of the unconscious and the primal instincts (id) in shaping human behavior and personality. Freud believed that early childhood experiences and repressed memories were key factors in the development of mental disorders and that the exploration and analysis of these events could help individuals achieve greater self-awareness and personal growth.

Quiz 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues