Question 1

Social smiles typically first appear at

Accepted Answer

Social smiles typically first appear at two months of age, when infants begin to recognize and respond emotionally to familiar faces and voices. This milestone is an important indicator of social development and attachment between infants and their caregivers.

Question 2

Stranger wariness

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness is a natural response that emerges around 6-8 months of age when infants begin to perceive unfamiliar people as potential threats. This wariness serves as a restraint preventing mobile infants from wandering away from their familiar caregivers. Therefore, choice B is the best option. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the purpose or timing of stranger wariness.

Question 3

Who is experiencing a complex emotion?

Accepted Answer

Todd is experiencing a complex emotion of embarrassment, which involves a combination of feeling self-conscious, awkward, and uncomfortable. Happy, disgusted, and surprised are not necessarily complex emotions as they tend to be singular in nature.

Question 4

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

Accepted Answer

Infants often show fear when in the presence of an unfamiliar adult as they are not able to recognize or feel comfortable with a stranger. This is a common first sign of fear in infants.

Question 5

Modern theories emphasize the ____________ value of emotion.

Accepted Answer

Modern theories of emotion emphasize the functional value of emotions, that is, how they help individuals navigate through various situations by influencing their behavior, thoughts, and physiological responses. Emotions are seen as adaptive and necessary for survival in a constantly changing environment.

Question 6

Your niece is seven months old and you are about to meet her for the first time.You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety.What would you do?

Accepted Answer

It is best to meet the baby in an environment that is familiar to her, as it will minimize the chances of stranger anxiety. Additionally, it is important to approach the baby slowly and allow her to observe and familiarize herself with you before trying to interact or pick her up. Giving her space and letting her initiate physical contact can also help establish trust and comfort.

Question 7

Basic emotions are experienced by children as early as

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that basic emotions like joy, fear, anger, and sadness can be observed in infants as early as the first few months of life.

Question 8

Complex emotions

Accepted Answer

Complex emotions involve an evaluative component, meaning they require a cognitive appraisal of a situation or stimulus. Examples of complex emotions include pride, envy, guilt, and shame. Basic emotions, such as happiness, anger, and disgust, do not necessarily involve a cognitive appraisal and are more instinctual reactions. While complex emotions can emerge earlier than previously thought (around 9-10 months), they typically develop later than basic emotions, and it is not accurate to say they emerge "before" basic emotions.

Question 9

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling,an overt behaviour,and

Accepted Answer

Basic emotions are characterized by a subjective feeling (such as joy, fear, or anger), an overt behavior (such as a smile, a scream, or a frown), and a physiological change (such as increased heart rate or sweating). These components are considered to be universal, meaning that they are present in all cultures and are biologically based. While basic emotions may have evaluative components (such as liking or disliking a situation), they do not require advanced cognitive processing. Cultural-specific expressions may influence how emotions are communicated, but they do not define the basic emotions themselves.

Question 10

Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?

Accepted Answer

A subjective feeling refers to one's personal experience of an emotion, such as feeling happy, sad, angry, or scared. Of the options given, only choice D describes a subjective feeling, as it describes a personal sensation of happiness. Choices A and B refer to observable physical responses, while choice C describes a physical sensation without an emotional component.

Question 11

Which of the following emerges first?

Accepted Answer

Fear is a natural and instinctual response to danger or the threat of harm, and it often emerges before any other emotion. This makes it the best choice for the answer to this question. Guilt, embarrassment, and pride are all social emotions that rely on the evaluation of self or others, and therefore they are more likely to emerge after a threatening or dangerous situation has passed.

Question 12

Basic emotions

Accepted Answer

Basic emotions refer to a set of common emotions that are experienced universally, such as happiness or anger. These emotions involve a subjective feeling, meaning an internal experience that is unique to each individual. While there may be some cultural variations in the expression and interpretation of these emotions, the underlying feeling remains the same. Basic emotions also typically involve a physiological change, such as changes in heart rate or breathing, which can be measured objectively.

Question 13

Stranger wariness is a sign of

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness, also known as stranger anxiety, is a common behavior observed in infants at around 6-8 months of age. It is characterized by a fear or discomfort around unfamiliar people, which can be evidenced by crying, clinging to familiar caregivers, or avoiding eye contact. Therefore, the best choice is C (fear).

Question 14

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur

Accepted Answer

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur between four and six months of age as infants begin to express emotions more clearly.

Question 15

Researchers often use ________ to assess an infant's emotional state.

Accepted Answer

Facial expressions are often used to assess an infant's emotional state because they are one of the only ways that infants can communicate their emotions. Infants are not yet able to verbalize how they are feeling, so researchers rely on observing their facial expressions to determine their emotional state.

Question 16

A social smile typically occurs when an infant

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a smile that is elicited by the presence of another person, usually a caregiver or a familiar face. It is a milestone in an infant's social and emotional development, and typically emerges between 6 to 8 weeks of age. The other options are not correct because being recently fed or being asleep would not necessarily elicit a social smile, and one-year-old infants have usually already developed the ability to smile socially.

Question 17

Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate,who hadn't visited since Lydia was born,got Lydia up from her nap.Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of

Accepted Answer

Lydia's behavior of looking away and fussing when her mother's college roommate picked her up from her nap indicates stranger wariness, which is a common developmental milestone that occurs around 6 to 7 months of age. Lydia's response can be attributed to her unfamiliarity with the college roommate, leading her to feel uncomfortable and distressed with the interaction.

Question 18

Happiness is adaptive in

Accepted Answer

Happiness contributes to stronger interpersonal relationships by fostering positive emotions, reducing stress, and increasing the likelihood of prosocial behaviors. While happiness may also have some benefits in protection against possible threats or eliciting nurturance from others, these are not as strongly supported in the research as the relationship between happiness and interpersonal connection. Eliminating obstacles in the way of a goal may also be a positive outcome of happiness, but this is more indirectly related than the interpersonal benefits.

Question 19

Many scientists believe that young babies

Accepted Answer

The current consensus among scientists is that young babies simply experience broad positive and negative emotional states, rather than specific emotions like fear or anger. This is because they lack the cognitive and language abilities necessary to label and differentiate between more nuanced emotions. However, they do display observable behavioral responses to different types of stimuli, suggesting that they do have some level of emotional experience.

Question 20

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

Accepted Answer

Happiness is considered a basic emotion as it is a universal emotion that is recognized by all cultures and is often expressed through a consistent facial expression (smiling). Pride, guilt, and embarrassment are considered more complex emotions that are influenced by social and cultural factors.

Quiz 10: Emotional Development