Question 1

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984)?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that there are three stages of moral reasoning skills: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality. In the preconventional stage, individuals focus on external consequences and rewards, while in the conventional stage, they are concerned with societal norms and rules. Finally, in the postconventional stage, individuals use abstract reasoning to determine their moral values and principles. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 2

Cultures around the world universally share the conviction that abstract,hypothetical thought processes are the ultimate end point in the cognitive development process.

Accepted Answer

While abstract thought is valued in many cultures, not all cultures prioritize it as the ultimate end point in cognitive development. Some cultures prioritize practical skill development or social skills over abstract reasoning.

Question 3

According to Piaget,_____ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation is the process of incorporating new information or experiences into existing knowledge structures or mental frameworks (schemas). It involves fitting new information into preexisting understanding of the world. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying existing schemas or creating new ones in order to better fit new information. Acculturation refers to the process of adapting to a new culture or acquiring the values, beliefs, and behaviors of a different cultural group. Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between a child and caregiver.

Question 4

A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

This type of thinking, where inanimate objects have human-like qualities or intentions, is characteristic of the preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7 and is marked by egocentrism, magical thinking, and the inability to understand conservation.

Question 5

According to Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,centration is the tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage tend to focus on one aspect of a problem and ignore others, which is called centration.

Question 6

Identify the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget (1952).

Accepted Answer

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), preoperational stage (2 to 7 years), concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years), and formal operational stage (11 years onwards). In the sensorimotor stage, children develop sensory and motor skills and begin to understand cause and effect. In the preoperational stage, children begin to develop language and symbolic thinking but have difficulty understanding the perspective of others. In the concrete operational stage, children begin to understand conservation and logical thinking. In the formal operational stage, adolescents develop abstract reasoning skills and can think in hypothetical terms.

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, children (typically aged 7 to 11) start to think logically about concrete events. However, they still struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts, making trial-and-error a common strategy for problem-solving. Choices A, B, and D describe characteristics of other stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 8

According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?

Accepted Answer

Turiel and his colleagues argue that moral rules are based on values that are considered universally important, such as the safety and well-being of all humans. This supports option D, which states that moral rules are based on values. Option A is incorrect because moral rules are not based on individual preferences, but rather on broader societal values. Option B is partly correct but incomplete as moral rules are not just based on agreements but on important values shared by a group. Option C is incorrect as moral rules are generally considered to be unchangeable and apply universally, rather than being limited to certain groups.

Question 9

The _____ cultural model proposed by Keller (2013)emphasizes unique attachment relationships with one or few caregivers and,at the same time,views the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment.

Accepted Answer

The hybrid cultural model proposed by Keller (2013) emphasizes the importance of both unique attachment relationships with caregivers and the social community in the network of attachment. This model combines elements from both Western individualistic and non-Western collectivistic cultural perspectives. None of the other choices accurately describe this model.

Question 10

As with virtually all aspects of development,there are both similarities and differences across cultures concerning what is considered moral.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Moral beliefs and values can vary across different cultural groups and may be influenced by factors such as religion, social norms, and traditions. However, there may also be some commonalities or universal moral principles that are shared across cultures.

Question 11

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has found that there is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget's stages. For example, some cultures may emphasize motor skills before cognitive skills, leading to differences in the timing of reaching certain stage milestones. This challenges the assumption of universality in Piaget's theory. The other options are not accurate concerns raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory.

Question 12

Piaget hypothesized that two primary mechanisms are responsible for movement from one stage of his cognitive development theory to the next.These two mechanisms are:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's two primary mechanisms for movement from one stage of cognitive development theory to the next are assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process where individuals incorporate new experiences into their existing mental structures, while accommodation involves changing mental structures to make room for new experiences. Both of these mechanisms work together to promote cognitive growth and development.

Question 13

_____ is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time. It includes areas such as perception, language development, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning. Physical development refers to the changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body, while motor development focuses on the development of movement skills. Somatic development refers to the overall growth and development of the body.

Question 14

During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. During the concrete operations stage, children begin to think more logically and systematically about the physical world around them, using concepts such as conservation, classification, and seriation to organize their understanding of objects and events. They also develop more sophisticated spatial reasoning skills and are better able to understand cause-effect relationships.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development involves moral reasoning based on individual principles and conscience, rather than compliance with external rules or societal expectations. It is characterized by an understanding of universal ethical principles that may transcend the laws and norms of a given society.

Question 16

According to Piaget (1952),the most important achievement of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is the capability to use mental symbols to represent objects and events.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that during the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), infants begin to develop the ability to use mental symbols (such as mental representations of objects and actions) to solve problems and think about the world. This is considered the most important achievement of the stage.

Question 17

The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural studies have shown that the preconventional and conventional stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality are observed universally across different cultures.

Question 18

According to the study conducted by Turiel and his colleagues on whether children distinguish between moral and nonmoral issues,_____ rules apply to certain groups,are changeable,and are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.

Accepted Answer

The description in the question matches the definition of conventional rules, which are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people and are changeable. Moral rules, on the other hand, apply to all individuals universally and are not changeable or based on group agreement. Personal rules are determined by the individual and not subject to external norms, while centration refers to the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and not consider other factors.

Question 19

In Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,_____ refers to the awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance.

Accepted Answer

Conservation is the correct term for the awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance. Concentration refers to the tendency of young children to focus on only one aspect of a problem or object, ignoring other important aspects. Centration is a specific aspect of concentration, referring to the tendency to focus on only the most salient feature of an object or event. Cohabitation is not a term used in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 20

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between the actual developmental level of a child versus the potential developmental level that the child is capable of with some assistance by more knowledgeable others.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of the zone of proximal development as proposed by Lev Vygotsky, a renowned Russian psychologist. This theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and guidance from teachers and peers in promoting learning and development.

Quiz 4: Culture and Developmental Processes

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984) ?