Question 1

What did the Reformation accomplish? Did it change society very little or did it bring about fundamental and important changes in people's lives? Be specific in your answer.

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Question 2

What was the impact of Renaissance humanism on the Reformation in various parts of Europe? Compare and contrast the teachings of Luther,Calvin,and Zwingli to some of the significant themes that emerged from the Renaissance.To what extent could the Reformers be called humanists?

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Question 3

How did Spain achieve a position of dominance in the 16th century? What were her strengths as a nation? Her weaknesses? What were Philip II's goals? Which ones were not successful and why? How might European history have been different had the Spanish Armada been victorious?

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Question 4

Discuss the religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire.How did these divisions come about? What was the result of these religious divisions? Who held authority to decide what religion a state adhered to?

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Question 5

The most widely-recognized author of the Renaissance was the English poet and playwright

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William Shakespeare's works such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth are considered to be some of the greatest literary achievements of the Renaissance period, making him the most widely-recognized author of the time. Blaise Pascal, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes were important thinkers of the Enlightenment period, which came after the Renaissance.

Question 6

"The Thirty Years' War is the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict." Evaluate this statement.How could the war have been avoided?

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Question 7

According to Thomas Hobbes, the basic nature of humans is to

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According to Hobbes, the basic nature of humans is to seek power and self-preservation above all else, which often leads to conflict and competition. He believes that the only way to control this inherent human nature is to establish a strong centralized government.

Question 8

Why did the Reformation begin in Germany? What political factors contributed to the success of the Reformation in Germany as opposed to France,for example,or Spain and Italy?

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Question 9

What were the most important teachings of Calvin? How did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism? To what issues was Calvin reacting? How did Calvinism impact Geneva? How did it impact Europe?

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Question 10

The seventeenth century is sometimes labeled as a period of crisis by historians.Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? In what ways does Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century exhibit signs of being in political,religious,social,or intellectual crises? In what ways does it not seem to be in the throes of a crisis?

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Question 11

What were the chief beliefs and teachings of Zwingli? How did Zwingli's teachings differ from or resemble those of Lutheranism and Calvinism? What impact did Zwingli and his followers have on Switzerland? What impact did Zwingli and his followers have on the rest of Europe?

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Question 12

What was the fundamental issue faced by Luther in the Peasants Revolt? What were the peasants' demands,and how did so many of the people learn a good deal about matters of religious doctrine? Why did Luther not support them?

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Question 13

According to John Locke, absolute monarchy was

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According to John Locke, absolute monarchy was inconsistent with civil society because it lacks the necessary checks and balances that prevent the abuse of power by the government. Locke believed that the best form of government was a limited constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch's power was limited by the law and the legislative branch.

Question 14

What developments in society and technology during the 15th and 16th centuries changed the way people viewed the world? What effect did the rise of humanism have on that world view? How did humanism affect religion?

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Question 15

Defend one of the following assertions: the Reformation was the culmination of the medieval experience; or,the Reformation was the beginning of the modern age.

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Question 16

Thomas Hobbes, the most original political thinker of the seventeenth century,

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Hobbes developed a defense of absolute royal authority based on the idea that without a strong ruler, humans would exist in a constant state of war and chaos, known as the "state of nature." He did not rely on ideas of divine right as the basis for this authority.

Question 17

What part did politics play in the religious positions of French leaders? How did the king (or his regent)decide which side to favor? What led to the infamous St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre and what results did it achieve?

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Question 18

What were the most important teachings of Luther? To what conditions in the church and society was he reacting? How did his teachings criticize aspects of the Catholic Church? How did Lutheranism impact Europe?

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